Intro to Pathology

Question 1

Father of Modern pathology and started the concept of the cellular basis of disease

Answer 1

Rudolf Virchow

Question 2

study of structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that underlie disease

Answer 2

pathology

Question 3

science that deals with why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals

Answer 3

epidemiology

Question 4

deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease

Answer 4

pharmacology

Question 5

concerned with the common reactions of cells and tissues to injurious stimuli

Answer 5

general pathology

Question 6

the initiating cause of disease

Answer 6

etiology

Question 7

causation that is inherited or acquired mutations, disease associated gene variants or polymorphisms

Answer 7

genetic causes

Question 8

infectious agents, nutritional, chemical or physical agents

Answer 8

environmental causes

Question 9

refers to the sequence of molecular, biochemical, and cellular, events that follow the exposure of cells or tissues to an injurious agent that led to the development of disease

Answer 9

pathogenesis

Question 10

refer to the structural alterations in cells or tissues that are chaacyeristis of disease

Answer 10

morphologic changes

Question 11

signs and symptoms

Answer 11

clinical manifestations

Question 12

use of examination of tissues specifically those remived from surgery to help diagnose a disease

Answer 12

surgucal pathology

Question 13

investigation of sudden, unexpected or violent deaths using pathologucal techniques

Answer 13

forensic pathology

Question 14

cessation of functions of the heart and lungs and could be reversed through CPR

Answer 14

clinical death

Question 15

death of all the functions of the brain and other organs and degenration of individual cells

Answer 15

biologic death

Question 16

increase in the size of organ due to the increase in size of cells i.e. increase in skeletal muscle mass due to exercise or enlargement if heart

Answer 16

hypertrophy

Question 17

increase in size of organ due to increase in number of cells i.e. glandular proliferation in breast due to pregnancy

Answer 17

hyperplasia

Question 18

failire of cell production i.e. absence of organ during fetal development

Answer 18

aplasia

Question 19

decrease in cell production i.e turner syndrome

Answer 19

hypoplasia

Question 20

decrease in size of organ due to decrease in mass of preexisting cells

Answer 20

atrophy

Question 21

reversible change where one differetiated cells is replaced by another cell type

Answer 21

metaplasia

Question 22

“accidental” and unregulated cell death due to damage to cell membranes and loss of ion homeostasis

Answer 22

necrosis

Question 23

programmed cell death when DNA or proteins are damaged beyond repair

Answer 23

apoptosis

Question 24

deficiency of oxygen causes cell injury

Answer 24

hypoxia

Question 25

molecules that have a single unpaired electron in the outer orbital

Answer 25

free radical

Question 26

cell injury caused by chemical agents and drugs

Answer 26

chemical cell injury

Question 27

viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Answer 27

infectious agents

Question 28

injurious reactions to endogenous self antigens responsible for autoimmune diseases

Answer 28

immune system

Question 29

genetic aberration or substitution leading to clinical phenotypes

Answer 29

genetic abnormalities

Question 30

deficiency of foodstuff such as protein or nutritional excess

Answer 30

nutritional imbalance

Question 31

degradative reactions in cells caused by intracellular enzymes

Answer 31

autolysis

Question 32

cellular degradation by enzymes extrinsic to the cell

Answer 32

heterolysis

Question 33

necrosis resulting from sudden cut off of blood supply to an organ particularly the kidney and the heart

Answer 33

coagulative necrosis

Question 34

necrosis that causes digestion, softening and liquefaction of tissue i.e. central nervous system

Answer 34

liquefactive necrosis

Question 35

necrosis that is "cheese-like" derived from the friable white appearance of the area of necrosis

Answer 35

causeous necrosis

Question 36

necrosis that is usually in the limbs or lower legs that lost blood supply involving multiple tissue planes

Answer 36

gangrenous necrosis

Question 37

necrosis due to severe injury to tissue with high fat content

Answer 37

traumatic fat necrosis

Question 38

necrosis due to acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis releasing fatty acids

Answer 38

enzymatic fat necrosis

Question 39

necrosis due to acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis releasing fatty acids

Answer 39

enzymatic fat necrosis

Question 40

necrosis usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels

Answer 40

fibrinoid necrosis

Question 41

abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells, usually liver

Answer 41

steatosis (fatty change)

Question 42

alteration within cells or in the extracellular space that gives a homogenous, glassy, pink appearance in routine histological sections

Answer 42

hyaline change

Question 43

three types of reversible cellular changes

Answer 43

steatosis hyaline change accumulation of endogenous pigments

Question 44

pigment formed from tyrosine by tyrosinase and is involved in sun tanning, albinism and vitiligo

Answer 44

melanin

Question 45

catabolic product of heme moiety of hemoglobin, producing yellowish discloration called jaundice

Answer 45

bilirubin

Question 46

jaundice associated with destruction of red blood cells

Answer 46

hemolytic jaundice

Question 47

jaundice associated with parenchymal liver damage

Answer 47

hepatocellular jaundice

Question 48

pigment which is hemoglobin- derived, golden yellow to brown ganullar or crystalline pigment and major storage form of iron

Answer 48

hemosiderin

Question 49

yellowish, fat soluble pigment which is an end product of membrane lipid peroxidation "wear and tear pigment" and commonly accumulates in elderly patients

Answer 49

lipofuscin

Question 50

the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium and mineral salt

Answer 50

pathologic calcification

Question 51

deposition occurs locally in dying tissues or areas of necrosis

Answer 51

dystrophic calcification

Question 52

deposition of calcium in normal tissues usually due to hypercalcemia or disturbance to calcium metabolism

Answer 52

metastatic calcification