Intro to Pathology Flashcards
Father of Modern pathology and started the concept of the cellular basis of disease
Rudolf Virchow
study of structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that underlie disease
pathology
science that deals with why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals
epidemiology
deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
pharmacology
concerned with the common reactions of cells and tissues to injurious stimuli
general pathology
the initiating cause of disease
etiology
causation that is inherited or acquired mutations, disease associated gene variants or polymorphisms
genetic causes
infectious agents, nutritional, chemical or physical agents
environmental causes
refers to the sequence of molecular, biochemical, and cellular, events that follow the exposure of cells or tissues to an injurious agent that led to the development of disease
pathogenesis
refer to the structural alterations in cells or tissues that are chaacyeristis of disease
morphologic changes
signs and symptoms
clinical manifestations
use of examination of tissues specifically those remived from surgery to help diagnose a disease
surgucal pathology
investigation of sudden, unexpected or violent deaths using pathologucal techniques
forensic pathology
cessation of functions of the heart and lungs and could be reversed through CPR
clinical death
death of all the functions of the brain and other organs and degenration of individual cells
biologic death
increase in the size of organ due to the increase in size of cells i.e. increase in skeletal muscle mass due to exercise or enlargement if heart
hypertrophy
increase in size of organ due to increase in number of cells i.e. glandular proliferation in breast due to pregnancy
hyperplasia
failire of cell production i.e. absence of organ during fetal development
aplasia
decrease in cell production i.e turner syndrome
hypoplasia
decrease in size of organ due to decrease in mass of preexisting cells
atrophy
reversible change where one differetiated cells is replaced by another cell type
metaplasia
“accidental” and unregulated cell death due to damage to cell membranes and loss of ion homeostasis
necrosis
programmed cell death when DNA or proteins are damaged beyond repair
apoptosis
deficiency of oxygen causes cell injury
hypoxia
molecules that have a single unpaired electron in the outer orbital
free radical
cell injury caused by chemical agents and drugs
chemical cell injury
viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
infectious agents
injurious reactions to endogenous self antigens responsible for autoimmune diseases
immune system
genetic aberration or substitution leading to clinical phenotypes
genetic abnormalities
deficiency of foodstuff such as protein or nutritional excess
nutritional imbalance
degradative reactions in cells caused by intracellular enzymes
autolysis
cellular degradation by enzymes extrinsic to the cell
heterolysis
necrosis resulting from sudden cut off of blood supply to an organ particularly the kidney and the heart
coagulative necrosis
necrosis that causes digestion, softening and liquefaction of tissue i.e. central nervous system
liquefactive necrosis
necrosis that is “cheese-like” derived from the friable white appearance of the area of necrosis
causeous necrosis
necrosis that is usually in the limbs or lower legs that lost blood supply involving multiple tissue planes
gangrenous necrosis
necrosis due to severe injury to tissue with high fat content
traumatic fat necrosis
necrosis due to acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis releasing fatty acids
enzymatic fat necrosis
necrosis due to acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis releasing fatty acids
enzymatic fat necrosis
necrosis usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels
fibrinoid necrosis
abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells, usually liver
steatosis (fatty change)
alteration within cells or in the extracellular space that gives a homogenous, glassy, pink appearance in routine histological sections
hyaline change
three types of reversible cellular changes
steatosis
hyaline change
accumulation of endogenous pigments
pigment formed from tyrosine by tyrosinase and is involved in sun tanning, albinism and vitiligo
melanin
catabolic product of heme moiety of hemoglobin, producing yellowish discloration called jaundice
bilirubin
jaundice associated with destruction of red blood cells
hemolytic jaundice
jaundice associated with parenchymal liver damage
hepatocellular jaundice
pigment which is hemoglobin- derived, golden yellow to brown ganullar or crystalline pigment and major storage form of iron
hemosiderin
yellowish, fat soluble pigment which is an end product of membrane lipid peroxidation “wear and tear pigment” and commonly accumulates in elderly patients
lipofuscin
the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium and mineral salt
pathologic calcification
deposition occurs locally in dying tissues or areas of necrosis
dystrophic calcification
deposition of calcium in normal tissues usually due to hypercalcemia or disturbance to calcium metabolism
metastatic calcification
