Inflammation

Question 1

five cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 1

rubor
calor
tumor
dolor
loss of function

Question 2

redness in the area of injury due to dilation of blood vessels

Answer 2

rubor

Question 3

swelling, or edema, caused by the accumulation of fluid around the blood vessels

Answer 3

tumor

Question 4

heat resulting from increased blood flow, fever

Answer 4

calor

Question 5

pain associated with inflammation due in part to distortion of tissues

Answer 5

dolor

Question 6

three families of adhesion molecules

Answer 6

selectins, immunoglobin-family adhesion proteins and integrins

Question 7

brief period of vasoconstricrion followed by dilation of arterioles, capillaries and post capillary venules

Answer 7

vasoactive changes

Question 8

results in leakage of proteinaceous fluid, causing edema

Answer 8

increased capillary permeability

Question 9

most prominent type of inflammatory cells in foci of acute inflammation during the first 24 hours, i.e. in bacterial infection

Answer 9

neutrophils

Question 10

inflammatory cells that replace neutrophils after 2-3 days, examples include tuberculosis and salmonella infection

Answer 10

monocytes- macrophages

Question 11

most prominent inflammatory cells in many vutal infections and chronic inflammation

Answer 11

lynphocytes

Question 12

the predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions and parasitic infestations

Answer 12

eosinophils

Question 13

sources of histamine

Answer 13

mast cells and basophils

Question 14

passage of inflammatory leukocytesnetween the endothelial cells into the adjacent interstitial tissue

Answer 14

emigration

Question 15

leukocytes localize to the outer margin of the blood flow adjacebt to the vascular endothelium

Answer 15

margination

Question 16

leukocytes line the endothelial surface

Answer 16

pavementing

Question 17

endothelial selectins loosely binding to leukocytes

Answer 17

rolling or tumbling

Question 18

leukocytes adhere to the endothelial surface

Answer 18

adhesion

Question 19

movement of leukocytes across the endothelium and is mediated by platelet endothelial cell molecule 1

Answer 19

transmigration

Question 20

process by which leukocytes are attracted to and move toward an injury

Answer 20

chemotaxis

Question 21

ingestion of particulate matter

Answer 21

phagocytosis

Question 22

the most important phagocytic cells

Answer 22

neutrophils and monocytes-macrophages

Question 23

an attached opsonized particle is internalized by pseudopodial extensions and encloses the foreign particle, forming an internalized vesicle

Answer 23

phagosome

Question 24

phagosomes fused with cytoplasmic lysosomes

Answer 24

phagolysosomes

Question 25

immobilizes and coats the particle in the surface of the phagocyte

Answer 25

opsonin

Question 26

two types of intracellular microbicidal processes

Answer 26

oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent

Question 27

the most important intracellular microbicidal process

Answer 27

oxygen dependent microbial killing

Question 28

microbial killing mediated by proteins and is less effective

Answer 28

oxygen independent microbial killing

Question 29

they influence chemotaxis, vasomotor phenomena, vascular permeability, pain and other aspects of the inflammatory response that are of microbial origin

Answer 29

exogenous mediators

Question 30

they influence chemotaxis, vasomotor phenomena, vascular permeability, pain and other aspects of the inflammatory response that are of host origin

Answer 30

endogenous mediatora

Question 31

mediates the increase in capillary permeability associated with the contraction of endothelial cells that occurs with mild injuries

Answer 31

histamine

Question 32

acts similarly to histamine and is derived from platelets

Answer 32

serotonin

Question 33

soluble proteins that can act as effector molecules and influence behavior of other cells

Answer 33

cytokines

Question 34

initiated by activated Hageman factor and activates the complement cascade

Answer 34

kinin system

Question 35

consists of a group of plasma proteins that participate in immune lysis of cells and play a significant role in inflammation

Answer 35

complement system

Question 36

produced by endothelial cells which stimulates relaxation of smooth muscles and inhibits platelet aggresion

Answer 36

nitric oxide

Question 37

it results from tissue destruction by lysosomal products where the cavity is filled with pus and walled off by fibrous tissue

Answer 37

abscess

Question 38

it is the loss of surface epithelium ususally from acute inflammation of epithelial surfaces

Answer 38

ulcer

Question 39

the abnormal communication between two organd or between an organ and a surface

Answer 39

fistula

Question 40

the final result of tissue destruction, with a resultant distortion of structure, and in some cases, altered function

Answer 40

scar

Question 41

three possible outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 41

resolution of tissue structure and function tissue destruction and persistent acute inflammation conversion to chronic inflammation

Question 42

when neutrophils and monocytes are replaced with lyphocytes, plasma cells and microphages

Answer 42

conversion to chronic inflammation

Question 43

progressive decline in cellular function and viability caused by genetic abnormalities and accumulation of damages

Answer 43

cellular aging

Question 44

when the inciting injury is persistent or recurrent or the inflammatory reaction is insufficient to degrade the agent

Answer 44

chronic inflammation

Question 45

type of inflammation mediated by the interaction of monocytes-macrophages with lymphocytes

Answer 45

chronic nonspecific inflammation

Question 46

inflammation caharacterized by granulomas, nodular collections of specialized macrophages referred to as epithelioid cells, surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes

Answer 46

granulomatous inflammation

Question 47

cells that actively divide throughout life and is capable of regeneration

Answer 47

labile cells

Question 48

cells that undergo few divisions but are capable of division when activated

Answer 48

stable cells

Question 49

cells considered to be incapable of division and regeneration

Answer 49

permanent cells

Question 50

competence factor that promotes the proliferative response of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

Answer 50

platelet-derived growth factor

Question 51

progression factor that promotes the growth of endothelial cells and fibrobalsts as well as epithelial cells

Answer 51

epidermal growth factor

Question 52

promite the synthesis of extracellular matrix protein

Answer 52

fibroblasts growth factor

Question 53

is a growth inhibitor for many cell types and may aid in modulating the repair process and is functionally similar to to EGF

Answer 53

Transforming growth factors

Question 54

promote the proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells

Answer 54

macrophage derived growth factors

Question 55

begins in the early stages oof inflammation and is initiated by liquefaction and removal of dead cellular material

Answer 55

removal of debris

Question 56

highly vascular, newly formed connective tissue consisting of capillaries and fibroblasts

Answer 56

granulation tissue

Question 57

extravascular fluid that is non inflammatory in origin, low protein content and is utilized in passive process

Answer 57

transudate

Question 58

extravascular fluid that is inflammatory in origi, has high protein content and is utilized in active processes

Answer 58

exudates