Inflammation Flashcards
five cardinal signs of inflammation
rubor calor tumor dolor loss of function
redness in the area of injury due to dilation of blood vessels
rubor
swelling, or edema, caused by the accumulation of fluid around the blood vessels
tumor
heat resulting from increased blood flow, fever
calor
pain associated with inflammation due in part to distortion of tissues
dolor
three families of adhesion molecules
selectins, immunoglobin-family adhesion proteins and integrins
brief period of vasoconstricrion followed by dilation of arterioles, capillaries and post capillary venules
vasoactive changes
results in leakage of proteinaceous fluid, causing edema
increased capillary permeability
most prominent type of inflammatory cells in foci of acute inflammation during the first 24 hours, i.e. in bacterial infection
neutrophils
inflammatory cells that replace neutrophils after 2-3 days, examples include tuberculosis and salmonella infection
monocytes- macrophages
most prominent inflammatory cells in many vutal infections and chronic inflammation
lynphocytes
the predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions and parasitic infestations
eosinophils
sources of histamine
mast cells and basophils
passage of inflammatory leukocytesnetween the endothelial cells into the adjacent interstitial tissue
emigration
leukocytes localize to the outer margin of the blood flow adjacebt to the vascular endothelium
margination
leukocytes line the endothelial surface
pavementing
endothelial selectins loosely binding to leukocytes
rolling or tumbling
leukocytes adhere to the endothelial surface
adhesion
movement of leukocytes across the endothelium and is mediated by platelet endothelial cell molecule 1
transmigration
process by which leukocytes are attracted to and move toward an injury
chemotaxis
ingestion of particulate matter
phagocytosis
the most important phagocytic cells
neutrophils and monocytes-macrophages
an attached opsonized particle is internalized by pseudopodial extensions and encloses the foreign particle, forming an internalized vesicle
phagosome
phagosomes fused with cytoplasmic lysosomes
phagolysosomes
immobilizes and coats the particle in the surface of the phagocyte
opsonin
two types of intracellular microbicidal processes
oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent
the most important intracellular microbicidal process
oxygen dependent microbial killing
microbial killing mediated by proteins and is less effective
oxygen independent microbial killing
they influence chemotaxis, vasomotor phenomena, vascular permeability, pain and other aspects of the inflammatory response that are of microbial origin
exogenous mediators
they influence chemotaxis, vasomotor phenomena, vascular permeability, pain and other aspects of the inflammatory response that are of host origin
endogenous mediatora
mediates the increase in capillary permeability associated with the contraction of endothelial cells that occurs with mild injuries
histamine
acts similarly to histamine and is derived from platelets
serotonin
soluble proteins that can act as effector molecules and influence behavior of other cells
cytokines
initiated by activated Hageman factor and activates the complement cascade
kinin system
consists of a group of plasma proteins that participate in immune lysis of cells and play a significant role in inflammation
complement system
produced by endothelial cells which stimulates relaxation of smooth muscles and inhibits platelet aggresion
nitric oxide
it results from tissue destruction by lysosomal products where the cavity is filled with pus and walled off by fibrous tissue
abscess
it is the loss of surface epithelium ususally from acute inflammation of epithelial surfaces
ulcer
the abnormal communication between two organd or between an organ and a surface
fistula
the final result of tissue destruction, with a resultant distortion of structure, and in some cases, altered function
scar
three possible outcomes of acute inflammation
resolution of tissue structure and function
tissue destruction and persistent acute inflammation
conversion to chronic inflammation
when neutrophils and monocytes are replaced with lyphocytes, plasma cells and microphages
conversion to chronic inflammation
progressive decline in cellular function and viability caused by genetic abnormalities and accumulation of damages
cellular aging
when the inciting injury is persistent or recurrent or the inflammatory reaction is insufficient to degrade the agent
chronic inflammation
type of inflammation mediated by the interaction of monocytes-macrophages with lymphocytes
chronic nonspecific inflammation
inflammation caharacterized by granulomas, nodular collections of specialized macrophages referred to as epithelioid cells, surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes
granulomatous inflammation
cells that actively divide throughout life and is capable of regeneration
labile cells
cells that undergo few divisions but are capable of division when activated
stable cells
cells considered to be incapable of division and regeneration
permanent cells
competence factor that promotes the proliferative response of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
platelet-derived growth factor
progression factor that promotes the growth of endothelial cells and fibrobalsts as well as epithelial cells
epidermal growth factor
promite the synthesis of extracellular matrix protein
fibroblasts growth factor
is a growth inhibitor for many cell types and may aid in modulating the repair process and is functionally similar to to EGF
Transforming growth factors
promote the proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells
macrophage derived growth factors
begins in the early stages oof inflammation and is initiated by liquefaction and removal of dead cellular material
removal of debris
highly vascular, newly formed connective tissue consisting of capillaries and fibroblasts
granulation tissue
extravascular fluid that is non inflammatory in origin, low protein content and is utilized in passive process
transudate
extravascular fluid that is inflammatory in origi, has high protein content and is utilized in active processes
exudates
