Intro To Organic Flashcards
what is empirical formula
formula that gives the simplest whole ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
what is molecular formula
formula that gives the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule
what in general formula
number of atoms of each element in a substance which has n carbon atoms
in a homologous series this would be the same
what is structural formula
shows how the atoms are joined together brackets used to show side chain
what is displayed formula
shows all the bonds and atoms in a molecule
what is skeletal formula
uses lines to represent bonds
each point represents a carbon atom
h atoms are not shown
what are the characteristics of homologous series
- same general formula
- similar chemical properties
- similar trend in boiling points
what are the 3 stages in free radical substitution
initiation
propagation
termination
show the initiation of CFCl3
CFCl3 -> Cl* + CFCl2
show the two propagation stages of CFCs
Cl* + O3 -> ClO* + O2
ClO* + O3 -> Cl* +2O2
show the termination stage of CFCs
ClO* + ClO* -> Cl2O2
what is a bond making arrow
lone pair of electrons -> positive ion
what is a bond breaking arrow
line -> atom
happens when an atom is about to have or does have too many bonds so one breaks
what is a bond transfer arrow
line -> atom or another bond outside current bond
what is a stereoisomer
molecules with same structural formula but bonded together in different orders
what are the types of structural isomers
Chain isomerism
Positional isomerism
Functional group isomerism
what is a structural isomer
same molecular formula but different structural formulae
what is Chain isomerism
same molecular formula but the hydrocarbon chain is arranged differently
what is positional isomerism
same molecular formula but functional group is attached to the chain at different points
what is functional group isomerism
same molecular formula but different functional group
what are the types of stereoisomers
geometric isomers
optical isomers
what is geometric isomers
same structural formula but different arrangement around a non rotational double bond
what is optical isomerism
same structural formula but different arrangement around a chiral carbon or have a non-superimposable mirror image
what are the cip priority rules
1 - split double bond down the middle
2 - look at left side and apply priority to group with highest atomic number
3 - look at right and repeat
4 - compare is its the same its z and if its opposite its e
