Intro to Oncology Lecture Powerpoint

Question 1

77% of all cancers are diagnosed in patients over age ___. __% of cancers are hereditary. Who has a greater risk of developing it (men or women?) ___% deaths is cancer related making it the 2nd leading cause of death

Answer 1

55, 5-10%, men, 25%

Question 2

What are the top 6 most common cancers

Answer 2

• lung
• breast
• colorectal
• prostate
• skin (non melanoma)
• stomach

Question 3

What 5 main types of cancer affect a woman’s reproductive organs?

Answer 3

Cervical (preventable HPV vaccine)
Ovarian (causes most deaths)
Uterine (mostly endometrium)
vaginal
vulvar (on the labia)

Question 4

Common childhood cancers (5)

Answer 4

• leukemia
• brain
• neuroblastoma
• wilms tumor (kidney)
• lymphoma

Question 5

carcinoma definition

Answer 5

Any cancerous tumor that starts with the cells that cover the inner and outer body surfaces (epithelium), invade surrounding tissue and spread to far regions of the body, other tissue types can also be cancerous (sarcoma, lymphoma, blastoma, etc)

Question 6

Direct spread vs metastasis

Answer 6

Direct spread is invasion/infiltration into surrounding tissue, metastasis is vascular or lymphatic spread

Question 7

How do cancer cells kill?

Answer 7

• compete with normal cells for nutrients
• immunologic factors or deficiency there of resulting in secondary dz states
• tumor mass distorts normal anatomy and phys

Question 8

Oncogenes

Answer 8

Altered forms of genes known as proto oncogenes that can promote tumor formation or growth

Question 9

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 9

Responsible for promoting cell growth

Question 10

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 10

Control process of cell growth when functioning correctly promoting apoptosis that when not functioning can lead to tumor formation and growth

Question 11

DNA repair genes

Answer 11

Correct naturally occurring errors in DNA and if mutated fail to correct mistakes potentially leading to tumor suppressor gene or proto-oncogene alteration and tumor growth

Question 12

Oncovirus

Answer 12

Family of viruses linked to certain cancers in animals and humans (HPV, epstein barr, hep C)

Question 13

Warning signs for cancer (4)

Answer 13

• nonhealing sore
• unusual bleeding
• lump
• weight loss

Question 14

Many canccerous tumors or lesions are curable if…

Answer 14

…found in early stages

Question 15

Methods of definitive diagnosis of cancer (3)

Answer 15

• surgical biopsy
• cytology
• fine needle biopsy

Question 16

Cancer grading: differentiation definition

Answer 16

-describes how much or little tumor cell looks like normal tissue, well differentiated tend to grow and spread more slowly while poorly differentiated have worse outcomes

Question 17

Cancer grading: differentiation grade

Answer 17

Grade 1 - well differentiated
2 - moderatly differentiated
3 - poorly differentiated
4 - undifferentiated’

Question 18

TNM staging of cancer

Answer 18

T- tumor size (T1 in situ T5 extension beyond adjacent organs)
N- nodes (N0 none, N1 ipsalateral or regional involvement, N2 - more extensive, N3 contralateral or distant nodal metastasis)
M- metastasis (M0 - neg, M1 - pos)

Question 19

ABCDE technique for sharing bad news about cancer

Answer 19

Advanced prep
Build therapeutic environment and relationship
Communicate well
Deal with reactions
Encourage and validate