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Oncology > Biology of Cancer Lecture Powerpoint > Flashcards

Biology of Cancer Lecture Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer is a disease of the…

A

…genome

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2
Q

Caretaker genes

A

Genes that function to maintain the integrity of the genome

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3
Q

Oncogenes in a healthy individual are in a state of ___, while tumor suppressor genes are ___

A

inactivity, active

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4
Q

Over 400 tumor suppressor genes exist in this animal causing prevalence of cancer to be near zero.
What is the difference between acquired and inherited somatic mutations?

A

Elephant, acquired are received thruout the lifetime due to spontaneous mutation and make up the majority of mutations, while inherited are those that an individual receives from parents

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5
Q

2 hallmarks of solid tumor malignancy

A
  • anorexia

- cachexia (muscle wasting)

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6
Q

Cancers associated with selected genetic mutations (Philadelphia chromosome, P210, ALK, BRCA)

A

CML, Myeloid expansion in bone marrow, lung cancer, breast/ovary

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7
Q

2 types of cancers that almost never metastasize

A

Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma on the skin

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8
Q

2 serotypes of HPV that are associated with cervix cancer

A

16 and 18

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9
Q

Organism agent promoting cancer development

A

Helicobacter pylori

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10
Q

Common chemoprotective agents (5)

A 
Tamoxifen
Oral contraceptives
Topical sunscreen
Lycopene (prostate)
aspirin (colon and breast cancer)
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11
Q

Family history screen 7 for BRCA1/2 risk assessment

A

A questionnaire of 7 questions where one positive response initiates referral for screening

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12
Q

If a breast is too dense for x ray mammography, 2 alternatives are…

A

…ultrasound and MRI

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13
Q

Once an individual has a positive screen, they are referred to…..

A

…A respective specialist who will then take a sample which after being sent to pathology is diagnosed

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14
Q

Once a single lymph node is involved in a cancer….

A

….survival rate drops substantially, it is considered stage II at least at that point

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15
Q

TNM system for stage 0, I, II, IIIA,B,C, and IV

A 
Stage 0 T0N0M0
Stage I T1N0M0
Stage II T1-2N1M0
Stage IIIA T1-3,N2,M0
Stage IIIB T4NanyM0
Stage IIIC TanyN2M0
Stage IV TanyNanyM1
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16
Q

5 year survival rate for cancer is determined by…

A

…what stage it is at, regardless of what type

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17
Q

Li fraumeni syndrome

A

A collection of cancers that are related to the defective tumor suppressor gene TP53 including breast, leukemia, brain, etc

18
Q

Lynch (hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer) syndrome

A

A collection of cancers that are related to the defective tumor suppressor genes MSH2 causing colon cancer without polyps which is unique

19
Q

Lung cancer in someone who has never smoked or exposed to smoke is most likely due to…

A

…radon exposure

20
Q

Signs that would indicate referral for woman with pelvic mass to gynecologic oncologist

A
  • elevated CA 125 level
  • ascites
  • abdominal or fixed pelvic mass
  • evidence of abdominal or distant metastases
21
Q

Most ovarian cancers are what type? What are 2 concerns regarding ovarian cancer?

A

Serous carcinoma of the surface epithelium of the ovary, although all tissue in the ovary can become cancerous and they are free in the peritoneum meaning they can spread thru that space and potentially distantly metastasize

22
Q

Superficial spreading melanoma

A

A very treatable form of melanoma that grows outward opposed to deep and with large excision can be easily detected and treated fully

23
Q

Condition of “stuck on lesions” that many confuse with malignant nodular melanoma

A

Seborrheic keratoses

24
Q

ABCDE of melanoma

A 
Asymmetry (unbalanced)
Border (not smooth)
Color (more than one)
Diameter (thicker than pencil eraser)
Evolving (progressing)
25
Q

4 pattern subtypes of melanoma

A
  • Superficial spreading
  • lentigo maligna melanoma (moles that become cancer)
  • Acral lentiginous melanoma (on far off surfaces such as under the nail)
  • nodular melanoma (raised and firm)
26
Q

Sentinal lymph node dissection

A

Proedure where radioactive blue dye is injected into the tumor area, then a geigar counter traces it to the sentinal node then potentially dissects out that and the closest 2 or 3 to ensure that the cancer has not spread

27
Q

Upon visualization of mass on mammogram + follow up confirmatory ultrasound, what technique is often employed to then confirm the suspected diagnosis?

A

-Fine needle aspiration from the breast tissue

28
Q

Risks of colon cancer increase dramatically after age…

A

…50

29
Q

Colonoscopy scheduling

A

Once every 10 years, if detected malignancy then every 2-3 years then 5 then back to 10

30
Q

Small cell lung cancer

A

Contains neuro and endocrine components, no surgery will help (treatment is chemo therapy and radiation) that FREQUENTLY metastases to the brain

31
Q

Coin lesions

A

Common name for finding on an x ray that is a solid pulmonary lesion that is often asymptomatic. Can be a small or non small cell lung cancer or benign that requires biopsy for further diagnosis

32
Q

Pancoast tumor and treatment options

A

A rare form high lying tumor in the lung in the upper lobe near the clavicle that can put pressure on the brachial plexus resulting in horner syndrome, treated with wedge resection

33
Q

Mesothelioma

A

Occupational cancer, pleural based malignancy caused by exposure to asbestos, cannot be dealt with surgically as it is diffuse in the pleura and doesn’t respond to any chemotherapy yet devised

34
Q

Examples of oncologic emergencies (4)

A
  • spinal cord compression
  • tumor lysis syndrome
  • hypercalcemia
  • superior vena cava (obstruction syndrome)
35
Q

Superior vena cava syndrome

A

Occurs when blockage due to lump in upper right chest limits blood return to the heart causing facial and upper extremity edema, shortness of breath, distended neck veins, dyspnea, and cough

36
Q

If prostate cancer spreads to the bone, you have what type of cancer in the bone?

A

Prostate cancer

37
Q

Prostate cancer staging

A

Stage I - small and only in prostate
II - may be in both lobes
III - spread byeond to close lymph nodes or sseminal vesicles
IV - metastatic

38
Q

A Gleason score that requires some form of intervention beyond watchful waiting

A

> 6

39
Q

Brachytherapy for prostate cancer is limited to those with a gleason score below…

A

…6

40
Q

Space OAR

A

a hydrogel that protects the rectum during radiation from prostate cancer lasting approx 3 months done via a needle that inserts between the rectum and prostate

41
Q

Androgen deprivation therapy agents for prostate cancer (2)

A
  • leuprolide

- flutamide

Oncology (14 decks)

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