Intro to Oncology Flashcards
Common sites of metastases (4)
Brain
Lung
Liver
Bone
What cancer is caused by theses dz?
HPV
Cervical cancer
What cancer is caused by theses dz?
Hepatitis B/Hepatitis C
Liver cancer
What cancer is caused by theses dz?
Epstein-Barr
Lymphoma (mono)
What cancer is caused by theses dz?
Human Herpes Virus 8
Kaposi’s sarcoma
What cancer is caused by theses dz?
HIV
Lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma
What cancer is caused by theses dz?
Helicobacter pylori
Stomach ulcers, lymphoma in the stomach lining
What is Primary Prevention? (2)
Health promotion & illness prevention
Reduction of cancer mortality via reduction in the incidence of cancer
Primary accomplished by? (6)
Avoiding a carcinogen
Adequate & proper nutrition
Stress reduction
Lifestyle changes
Dietary changes
Smoking Cessation
Goal of secondary prevention?
Halt the progress of cancer through early screening & diagnosis
Secondary prevention types? (4)
Screening (self breast & testicular exams)
Diagnosis & treatment of illness
Mammogram
Colonoscopy
Goal of tertiary prevention?
Prevent further deterioration, while promoting restoration.
Tertiary prevention types?
Disease treatment & rehabilitation
Health restoration
What is screening and the goal?
Look for cancer before symptoms appear
Find cancer in the early stages
Types of screening? (4)
Physical exam
Lab tests
Imaging procedures
Genetic testing
What age does Colorectal Screening Guidelines start?
45 years old
Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) exam schedule?
Yearly
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy exam schedule?
Every 5 years
Colonoscopy exam schedule?
Every 10 years
What’s the #1 reason women don’t do SBE?
They do not know how to do it
What is CAUTION (7)?
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or else where
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
TNM system of staging?
T
N
M
Size of primary tumor
Number of lymph nodes involved
Extent of metastasis
Staging: Tumor Size x-4 (7)
TX: Tumor size can’t be measured
T0: No primary tumor, or can’t be found
Tis: Tumor is “in situ” (best of both worlds)
T1: Small or early stage
T2: Confined to original area
T3: Has spread to surrounding tissues
T4: Large, advanced stage cancer
Staging: Number of Nodes x-4 (5)
NX: Nearby nodes can’t be tested/evaluated
N0: Lymph nodes are cancer free
N1: Cancer cells have reached one node
N2: Cancer spread to more than one node
N3: Cancer in lymph nodes extensive/widespread
Staging: Extent of Metastasis x-1 (3)
MX: Unknown if cancer has spread
M0: No distant metastases were found
M1: Cancer has spread to one or more
distant parts of the body
In situ?
still in the original tissue layer
Localized?
still in the original organ
Regional?
spread to nearby lymph nodes or organs
Distant?
spread to distant body parts
What is Carcinoembryonic Antigen or CEA?
Its used as a tumor marker that measures the effectiveness of treatment.
