Fluids

Question 1

What are the main causes of edema? (6)

Answer 1

1. Long periods of standing or sitting. Sitting or standing for too long can cause extra fluid to build up in your feet, ankles, and lower legs. …
2. Venous insufficiency
3. Chronic (long-term) lung diseases.
4. CHF
5. Pregnancy
6. low levels of protein

Question 2

Functions of the kidney (4)

Answer 2

1. Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance by adjusting urine volume and the excretion of electrolytes
2. If loss of 1 -2 % fluid, kidney reabsorbs more water= concentrated urine
3. Remove excess wastes from the body
4. Sodium & potassium are also either filtered or reabsorbed

Question 3

Role of ANP (4)

Answer 3

1. Produced and stored in the atria
2. Stops action of RAAS
3. Decreases blood pressure by vasodilation
4. Reduces fluid volume by increasing secretion of Na+ and water

Question 4

Thirst (3)

Answer 4

1. Regulated by hypothalamus
2. Stimulated by increase in ECF and drying of mucous membranes
3. Causes a person to drink fluids

Question 5

Causes of Hypovolemia (8)

Answer 5

1. Fluid loss
2. Fever, excess perspiration
3. Hemorrhage
4. Vomiting, diarrhea
5. GI suction
6. Decreased fluid intake

Question 6

Danger sign fluid deficit (7)

Answer 6

1. restlessness, confusion…..coma
2. cold clammy skin
3. decreased skin turgor
4. weak, rapid heart rate
5. rapid respirations
6. orthostatic hypotension
7. decreased urine output

Question 7

Danger sign fluid excess (7)

Answer 7

1. headache, confusion
2. peripheral edema
3. jugular vein distention
4. S3 heart sound
5. bounding pulse, increased BP
6. dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles, pulmonary edema
7. weight gain

Question 8

Treatment of hypovolemic shock (5)

Answer 8

1. fluid replacement NS, LR; blood transfusion; vasopressor
2. oxygen therapy
3. monitor vital signs and mental status
   3.5. insertion of indwelling urinary catheter may be necessary
4. monitor lung sounds