Intro to Diabetes Flashcards
Causative factors for DM (4)
Genetic
Hereditary
Autoimmune
Lifestyle
Counterregulatory Hormones (4)
Cortisol
Growth hormone
Epinephrine
Glucagon
Glycolysis definition
The process through which glucose is broken down into water and carbon dioxide with the release of energy.
Glycogenolysis definition
The breakdown of stored glycogen (from the liver or skeletal muscles)
What 2 hormones control glycogenolysis? (2)
Epinephrine
Glucagon
Which hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis? (3)
Glucagon
Glucocorticoids
Thyroid
Gluconeogenesis definition
The building of glucose from new sources
Causes of hypoglycemia (6)
- Alcohol intake without food
- Too little food
- Too much diabetic medication (insulin, orals)
- Too much exercise without adequate food intake
- Weight loss without change in medication
- Sedentary lifestyle with an unusually active day
S/S of hypoglycemia 1st half (6)
- Cold, clammy skin (needs some candy)
- Numbness of fingers, toes, mouth
- Tachycardia, palpitations
- Headache
- Nervousness, tremors
6.Faintness, dizziness
S/S of hypoglycemia 2nd half (6)
Stupor
Slurred speech
Hunger
Changes in vision
Seizures, Coma
Irritability
What is inclued in type 1 diabetes? (5)
- Autoimmune disease
- Results from beta cell destruction in the pancreas
- Autoantibodies present for months to years before clinical symptoms
- Leads to absolute insulin deficiency
5 Insulin dependent
Risk factors of type 1? (3)
Autoimmune
Viral
Medically induced
Diagnosis of type 1 and type 2 DM (4)
- HA1C
- Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
- Random Blood Glucose plus symptoms of diabetes
Treatment of type 1 (4)
Insulin dependent
Tight glycemia control
Dietary modifications
Active lifestyle
Preventing Complications of diabetes (5)
Patient education
Assess barriers to learning
Teach in increments
Promote self care
Adjust regimen to meet needs
Factors affecting hyPOglycemia (4)
- Overuse of SSI
- Lack of dosage changes when dietary intake is changed
- Overly vigorous treatment of hyperglycemia
- Delayed meal after fast-acting insulin is used
Causes of HyPERglycemia
- Illness, infection
- Corticosteroids
- Too much food
- Not enough diabetic medication (insulin, oral)
- Inactivity
- Emotional, physical stress
- Poor absorption of insulin
S/S of HyPERglycemia 1st half (6)
- Hot and dry
- Increased urination (polyuria)
- Increased thirst (polydipsia)
- Increased hunger (polyphagia)
- Weakness, fatigue
- Blurred vision
S/S of HyPERglycemia 2nd half (6)
- Headache
- Glycosuria
- Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps
- Progression to DKA, HHS
- Mood swings
- Slow healing wounds/infections
Treatment for HyPERglycemia
- Continued diabetic medications as prescribed
- Check blood glucose frequently (record results)
- Check urine for ketones (record results)
- Drink fluids at least on an hourly basis
- Exercise or stay active
- Notify HCP if blood glucose levels do not decrease in a few days
Factors affecting HyPERglycemia (4)
Changes in treatment regimen
Medications
IV dextrose
Overly vigorous treatment of hypoglycemia
