Intro to Nutrition Flashcards
Define nutrients
all constituents of food necessary to sustain normal functions of the body
Define macronutrients
protein, fats and carbohydrates
Define micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
Define nutrient balance
net change in the amount of nutrient within a person’s body
Define homeostasis
short term ability to adjust
Define adaptation
long term adjustment from a nutrient perspective
What is the estimated average requirement?
Meets nutritional requirement of 50% of healthy individuals
What is the recommended daily allowance?
level sufficient to meet nutrient requirement of nearly all in a life stage and gender group
What is adequate intake?
insufficient evidence to calculate an EAR or RDA
What is the Tolerable upper limit?
Highest average intake likely to pose no risk
Usually designated for heavy metals
What are daily reference values?
used for other nutrients known to have a significant impact on health and disease
What is the estimated energy requirement?
average energy intake to maintain energy balance, 2000 kcal/day used on food labels
What is total energy expenditure?
Sum of the processes through which the body expends energy
How does saturated fat affect CVD risk?
Increase total cholesterol and increase risk for CVD
How do monounsaturated fats affect cholesterol?
Lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol
No change in HDL
How do N-6 polyunsaturated fats affect cholesterol?
Lowers total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL
How do N-3 polyunsaturated fats affect cholesterol?
No substantial effect
Reduce risk of CVD
How does dietary cholesterol affect total cholesterol?
Does not affect total cholesterol as much as amount and type of fat consumed
How do Plant sterols affect cholesterol?
Inhibit intestinal absorption of cholesterol
How does soy protein affect cholesterol?
May decrease LDL cholesterol in patients with high cholesterol
How does alcohol affect CVD?
Moderate consumption may increase HDL, red win also contains phenolic antioxidants
How do B6, B12, and folate affect CVD?
Enzymes that require these vitamins convert homocysteine to harmless amino acids
What is dietary fiber?
Nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin
What is functional fiber?
Fiber that has been shown to have health benefits
What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber?
Soluble forms a gel when mixed with water
Insoluble is largely not digested
What is hyperglycemia?
Insulin deficiency or absence, as well as tissue resistance to insulin action, leading to abnormal glucose levels
What is the glycemic index?
Attempt to quantify the degree of blood sugar rise caused by a food
Clinical importance is controversial
What is lactose intolerance?
Inability to digest lactose to its monosaccharide unites for absorption
What is Protein quality?
the completeness of the protein – ability to provide all essential amino acids
What is nitrogen balance?
measure of protein intake/excretion
Positive - times of tissue growth
Negative - equates to loss of tissue, inadequate intake, lack of essential amino acid
What is Kwashiorkor syndrome?
Protein deficiency is greater than calorie deficiency
Extended abdomen, gray-blond hair
What is maramus?
Deficiency in protein and total calories
What percent of energy should come from each Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates?
Fat - 20-35%
Protein - 10 - 35%
Carbohydrate - 45-65%
