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EOM Test 4 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are five functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy source and storage

Structural components of cell walls

Lubricant

Protection

Communication in cell-cell signaling

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2
Q

What is an aldehyde/aldose?

A

Carbonyl group is located at the end of a carbon chain

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3
Q

What is a ketone/ketose?

A

Carbonyl group is located in any other position

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4
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Compounds with the same composition and the same order of atomic connections but different molecular arrangements in space

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5
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

Pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of one another but cannot be superimposed on each other

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6
Q

What type of isomer of monosaccharides exists in living organisms?

A

D isomers

E.g. Dextrose (D-glucose)

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7
Q

What are diastereomers?

A

Pairs of stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other

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8
Q

What are epimers?

A

Two sugars that differ only in configuration around one carbon atom

E.g. Galactose is an epimer of glucose at C-4
Mannose is an epimer of glucose at C-2

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9
Q

What is a pyranose?

A

6-sided ring structure of a monosaccharide

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10
Q

What is a furanose?

A

5-sided ring structure of a monosaccharide

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11
Q

How is a hemiacetal formed?

A

Through the addition of an -OH group to the aldehyde in a monosaccharide

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12
Q

How is a hemiketal formed?

A

Through the addition of an -OH group to the ketone of a monosaccharide

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13
Q

What is an anomer?

A

Isomeric forms of monosaccharide that differ in configuration about the C1 carbon

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14
Q

What is the anomeric carbon?

A

The former carbonyl carbon (C1) in the chain form of the monosaccharide that becomes the new chiral carbon in the ring structure

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15
Q

What is configuration a of a monosaccharide ring?

A

If the -OH group on opposite side of the ring as CH2OH

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16
Q

What is configuration B of a monosaccharide ring?

A

If the -OH group ends up on the same side of the ring

17
Q

What ring configuration is most often found in nature?

A

B form

18
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

Bond formed through the addition of an alcohol group to and aldehyde or ketone (C-O)

19
Q

What can hydrolyze glycosidic bonds?

A

Acids

20
Q

What are glycosidic bonds resistant to?

A

Cleavage by base

21
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

Sugar that has a free anomeric carbon and can be reduced

E.g. all monosaccharides, Lactose and Maltose

22
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Natural carbohydrates usually occur as polymers

Can be homo-, hetero-, linear or branched

Do not have a defined molecular wight

Synthesis intrinsic to enzymes that catalyze polymerization of monomeric units

23
Q

What is starch?

A

Storage polysaccharide in plants

polymers of glucose

24
Q

What is amylose?

A

Unbranched starch polymer

a1-4 linkages

25
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Similar to amylose

but has a1-6 branches every 24-30 residues

26
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Storage polysaccharide in animals

D-glucose polymer with a1-6 branches every 8-12 residues

Can store a higher concentration of glucose as glycogen

27
Q

What is inulin?

A

Polysaccharide of fructose

Soluble in water, but can’t be digested

Used to determine GFR

28
Q

What are Dextrans?

A

Polysaccharide of a1-6 D-glucose with a1-2,3 and 4 branches

made by yeast and bacteria

found in dental plaque

29
Q

What is cellulose?

A

linear, unbranched glucose polymer in the B configuration

30
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

Contain amino sugars and uronic acids

Attached to proteins to form proteoglycans

31
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins containing branched or unbranched oligosaccharide chains

Attached via anomeric carbons

32
Q

What does hypoglycemia lead to?

A

lethargy, coma, permanent brain damage, death

33
Q

What does hyperglycemia lead to?

A

impaired blood flow

changes in osmolality of body fluids

intracellular acidosis

increased superoxide radical production

EOM Test 4 (19 decks)

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