Intro To Nervous, Arterial, And Lymphatic Systems

Question 1

Describe the CNS

Answer 1

-Brain and spinal cord
-Integrates and correlates incoming sensory information
-Generates thoughts and emotions
-Generates motor output

Question 2

Describe PNS

Answer 2

Everything else
-Consists of nerves carrying information from sensory receptors in the PNS to the CNS
-Carries motor impulses from the CNS to the periphery (effectors)

Question 3

Outline the basic structure of a neuron

Answer 3

-One nerve cell
-Consists of a cell body, dendrites and an axon
-Dendrites carry information to the cell body
-Axons carry information away from the cell body toward the axon terminal

Question 4

Outline the basic structure of a nerve

Answer 4

-Bundle of hundreds-thousands of axons often with connective tissue and blood vessels
-Have defined targets
-Travel outside the brain and spinal cord
-Mixed sensory and motor function

Question 5

Outline the basic structure of a spinal nerve

Answer 5

-Combination of anterior and posterior roots
-Carries both motor (exiting) and sensory (arriving) function
-Travels through IVF
-Splits into anterior and posterior primary rami

Question 6

Describe the anterior primary rami

Answer 6

-Innervates the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs
-Innervates skin of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the trunk

Question 7

Describe the posterior primary rami

Answer 7

-Innervates the deep muscles of the back
-Innervates skin of dorsal surface of the trunk

Question 8

Describe the spinal cord

Answer 8

-Highway connecting brain and PNS
-Housed within vertebral canal
-Connective tissue called meninges covers spinal cord
-Further protected by cerebrospinal fluid

Question 9

Describe dura matter of spinal (meningeal) sheaths

Answer 9

-Think, outmost covering
-Covers brain, brainstem, spinal cord, rootlets, and spinal nerves
-Continuous with epineurium
-Potential subdural space deep to dura matter

Question 10

Describe arachnoid matter of spinal (meningeal) sheaths

Answer 10

-Middle Layer
-Loosely organized connective tissue with weblike appearance
-Deep to arachnoid layer is the subarachnoid space
-Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid

Question 11

Describe pia matter of spinal (meningeal) sheaths

Answer 11

-Deepest, innermost layer
-Very thin, transparent
-Associated with nerves, spinal cord, and brain

Question 12

Describe anterior roots

Answer 12

-Originates from anterior aspect of spinal cord
-Carries outgoing motor information only
-No associated ganglion (collection of nerve cell bodies located outside of the CNS)

Question 13

Describe posterior roots

Answer 13

-Originates from the posterior aspect of spinal cord
-Carries incoming sensory information only
-Has an associated ganglion which contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 14

Discuss the number of spinal nerves in each region of the spine

Answer 14

-Cervical: 8 pairs
-Thoracic: 12 pairs
-Lumbar: 5 pairs
-Sacral: 5 pairs
-Coccygeal: 1 pair

Question 15

Define dermatome

Answer 15

-An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
-Segmental innervation from the vertex to the toes

Question 16

Discuss nerve plexuses

Answer 16

-Network of nerves with crossing axons from spinal nerve roots
-Allows individual nerve fibres from different parts of spinal cord to come together to extremities
-Allows overlap of innervation
-Brachial (right only), cervical, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses.

Question 17

Discuss the 3 functions of the nervous system

Answer 17

-Sensation: detect internal and external stimuli
-Integration: process and analyze information, react to it and store
-Motor: respond to stimuli

Question 18

Describe spinal sheaths

Answer 18

Three connective tissue coverings that protect the spinal cord

Question 18

Describe the structure of the vascular system

Answer 18

-Consists of the heart with four chambers that pump blood into blood vessels
-Arteries carry blood away from heart
-Vein carry blood towards heart
-Capillaries connect arteries to veins and are the site of gas exchange

Question 18

Discuss the function of the vascular system

Answer 18

-Supplies body’s tissues with oxygen, nutrients, minerals, electrolytes, etc.
-Removes waste products of metabolism

Question 18

Why should RMT’s understand the vascular system?

Answer 18

-Must be able to modify treatment if patient has altered cardiac function
-Loss of vascularization to tissue results in decreased function

Question 19

Discuss the 3 functions of the lymphatic system in the body

Answer 19

-Filters foreign particles from lymph
-Removes excess extracellular fluid from interstitial space
-Absorbs fat from intestine

Question 20

Describe the lymphatic system

Answer 20

-Integral part of the immune system
-Lymph nodes along lymphatic vessels
-House lymphocytes (white blood cells)
-Nodes filter lymph into venous circulatory system

Question 21

Describe the anatomy of the lymphatic system

Answer 21

-Lymph drains into venous system at neck
-Lymph vessels of right arm and trunk drain into right lymphatic duct
-Lymph vessels from rest of body drains into thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)