Intro To Joints & Ligaments

Question 1

Describe the two general classification systems for joints

Answer 1

Function - Degree of movement permitted at the joint

Structure - Determined by presence or absence of joint space and type of connective tissue supporting the joint

Question 2

Describe synarthrosis and give an example

Answer 2

• Apossing structures are closely bound by tough connective tissue
• Relatively immobile
  Ex. Skull sutures

Question 3

Describe amphiarthrosis and give examples

Answer 3

• Apposing structures are closely bound by fibrous connective tissue (fibrocartilage) or hyaline cartilage
• Somewhat mobile
  Ex. 1st sternocostal joint pubic symphysis

Question 4

Describe diarthrosis and give examples

Answer 4

• Apposing structures are highly mobile thus unstable
• Joint capsule surrounds joint cavity containing synovial fluid
• Hyaline cartilage covering apposing surfaces
  -Most common type of joint
  Ex. Tibiofemoral, facet joints, radiohumeral and ulnohumeral

Question 5

Describe fibrous joints and name the subclassifications types

Answer 5

Joints with little to no movement
Ex. Suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

Question 6

Describe cartilagenous joints and name the subclassifications

Answer 6

Joints with moderate moveability
Ex. Synchondrosis, symphysis

Question 7

Describe synovial joints and name the different types

Answer 7

Highly mobile, has joint cavity, capsule, synovial fluid, and hyaline cartilage on apposing surfaces
- Plane (planar)
- Hinge
- Conyloid
- Saddle
- Ball and Socket
- Pivot

Question 8

Describe suture joints and where they are located

Answer 8

• Synarthrotic, fibrous
• Located in skull called skull sutures

Question 9

Describe gomphosis

Answer 9

• Synarthrotic, fibrous
• Refers to teeth joints (tooth fits in to mandibular and maxillary alveoli
• Periodontal ligaments made of fibrocartilage bind teeth to sockets

Question 10

Describe syndesmosis

Answer 10

• Amphiarthrotic, fibrous
• Fibrocartilage or interosseous membrane between apposing bones

Question 11

Describe synchondrosis

Answer 11

-Amphiarthrotic, cartilagenous
-Hylaine cartilage binds apposing surfaces

Question 12

Describe symphysis

Answer 12

-Amphiarthrotic, cartilagenous
-Hyaline cartilage on apposing surfaces with a fibrocartilagenous disc between

Question 13

Describe plane (planar) joints, its motions, and give examples

Answer 13

-Diarthroidal, synovial
-Flat or slight curved
-Slide and glide between neighbouring bones
-Multi-axial or non-axial
Ex. Intercarpal joints, accromioclavicular joint

Question 14

Describe hinge joints, its motions, and give examples

Answer 14

-Diathroidal, synovial
-Convex bone fits into concave bone
-Flexion/extension type motions
-Uniaxial
Ex. Radiohumeral and ulnohumeral joints, talocrural joint

Question 15

Describe pivot joints, its motions and give examples

Answer 15

-Diathroidal, synovial
-Projection of one bone articulates with a ring formed by a bone and ligament
-Rotation
-Uniaxial
Ex. Proximal radioulnar, atlantoaxial

Question 16

Describe conyloid joints, its motions and give examples

Answer 16

-Diathroidal, synovial
-Convexity of one bone articulates with concavity of another
-Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction
-Biaxial
Ex. Radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints

Question 17

Describe saddle joints, its motions and give an example

Answer 17

-Diathroidal, synovial
-Surfaces of saddle shaped bones are oriented onto eachother
-Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction
-Biaxial
Ex.1st carpometalcarpal joint

Question 18

Describe ball and socket joints, its motions and give an example

Answer 18

-Diathroidal, synovial
-Circular head of one bone fits into depression of apposing bone
-All motions
-Multiaxial
Ex. Coxofemoral joint, glenohumeral joint

Question 19

Describe ligaments and its functions

Answer 19

-Bands of fibrous connective tissue which provide a strong bond between articulating bones
-Mechanical restraint of joint motion
-Proprioception

Question 20

Name the classifications of ligaments

Answer 20

-Capsular: Made of dense, irregular connective tissue that makes up joint capsule
-Accessory: Dense, regular connective tissue

Question 21

Describe intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments and give examples

Answer 21

-Intracapsular: Ligament located inside of joint capsule
Ex. ACL, PCL, interosseous ligament
-Extracapsular: Located outside of joint capsule
Ex. MCL, anterior talofibular ligament of ankle