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Liz's Mycology Course > Intro to Mycology > Flashcards

Intro to Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Conidia that result from the breaking up of a hypha into separate cells; look like float logs in a river (e.g., Coccidioides, Trichosporon, Geotrichum)

A

Arthroconidia

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2
Q

A sexual spore

A

Ascospore

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3
Q

Conidium which has been formed by budding (along hyphae, pseudohyphae or single cell yeast); daughter cells pinch off from mother cell (e.g., Candida, Cryptococcus)

A

Blastoconidia

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4
Q

Thick-walled, intercalary or terminal cell containing stored food and able to function; form directly w/in or at the ends of hyphae and can fragment or break off to form new hyphae (e.g., Candida albicans-diagnostic, dermatophytes)

A

Chlamydoconidia

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5
Q

Cell or cells born externally in various ways by fungi and which, when they mature, separate from the conidiophore

A

Conidia

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6
Q

Specialized structure of varying complexity which bears conidia

A

Conidiophore

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7
Q

Filaments, septate or aseptate, which make up the mycelium of fungi

A

Hyphae

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8
Q

Cell, usually more or less bottle-shaped, which forms conidia successively from its tip

A

Phialide

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9
Q

Chain of cells (usually in yeast) that form by budding; differ from true hyphae by having a constriction at the septation

A

Pseudohyphae

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10
Q

Mass of hyphae making up the colony of a fungus

A

Mycelia

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11
Q

Taxonomy of a human

A

Eukaryote

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12
Q

Taxonomy of bacteria

A

Prokaryote

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13
Q

Taxonomy of fungi

A

Eukaryote

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14
Q

What is the cell wall/membrane made up of in humans?

A

Cholesterol

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15
Q

What is the cell wall/membrane made up of in bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

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16
Q

What is the cell wall/membrane made up of in fungi?

A

Glucan and chitin (glucosamine)/ergosterol

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17
Q

Describe yeast (and YLF)

A
  • Single-celled organism
  • Round or oval that bud or pinch off
  • Often elongate or form chains
  • Most often stain GP
  • Growth on agar resembles bacteria
  • May be dry, pasty, or mucoid
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18
Q

Describe molds

A
  • Multicellular
  • Microscopically seen as filaments (hyphae)
  • Macroscopically look fuzzy or “wooly”
  • Mass of mycelia (entertwined hyphae)
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19
Q

Nonpigmented or slightly pigmented hyphae

A

Hyaline

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20
Q

Having dark hyphae (brown or black)

A

Dematiaceous

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21
Q

Having crosswalls

A

Septate

22
Q

Lacking crosswalls

A

Aseptate

23
Q

Hyphae that grow w/in the surface of the medium (agar)

A

Vegetative

24
Q

Hyphae w/ filaments that extend above the surface of the agar

A

Aerial

25
Q

List the sexual forms of fungal reproduction

A
  • Zygospores
  • Ascospores
  • Basidiospores
26
Q

This form of fungal reproduction is rarely seen in tissue or studied in the lab?

A

Sexual

27
Q

Fungus reproducing sexually

A

Teleomorph

28
Q

What form of fungal reproduction is studied in the lab?

A

Asexual

29
Q

List the asexual forms of fungal reproduction

A
  • Blastoconidia
  • Arthroconidia
  • Chlamydoconidia
30
Q

List the lab methods used in the identification of yeast and mold isolates

A
  • Direct observation in patient tissue
  • Lab culture/morphologic identification
  • Direct Ag and Ab detection
31
Q

List the stains that are used in direct observation of patient tissues

A
  • Gram stain
  • KOH
  • Calcufluor white
  • India ink
  • Giemsa stain
  • GMS (Gomori’s Methenamine Silver)
  • PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)
  • LPCB (lactophenol cotton blue)
  • H and E
32
Q

What is the purpose of the Gram stain in fungal identification?

A
  • Most YLF stain GP

- Molds may vary according to pickup of stain

33
Q

What is the purpose of the KOH method in fungal identification?

A

Breaks down keratin in nails, hair, and skin allowing a better view of the hyphae

34
Q

What is the purpose of the Calcofluor white stain in fungal identification?

A

Fluorescent dye stains chitin

35
Q

What is the purpose of the India ink in fungal identification?

A

Stains the capsule of Cryptococcus

36
Q

What is the purpose of the Giemsa stain in fungal identification?

A

YLF stain blue

37
Q

What is the purpose of the GMS stain in fungal identification?

A

ALL yeasts and hyphae are brown-black (not just dematiaceous)

38
Q

What is the purpose of the PAS stain in fungal identification?

A

Fungi stain pink

39
Q

What is the purpose of the LPCB stain in fungal identification?

A
  • Only used on growing fungi, NEVER on patient specimens

- Morphology of hyphae, conidia, conidiophoer, and phialide stain blue

40
Q

What is the best stain for examining hair, skin, and nails?

A

KOH

41
Q

What is the best stain for examining mold cultures?

A

LPCB

42
Q

What is the best stain for examining yeast cultures?

A

LPCB

43
Q

List the fungal isolation media

A
  • Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA or SAB)
  • SAB w/ antimicrobials (CSAB) → cyclohexamide inhibits bacteria and environmental fungi
  • Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) or Potato Flake Agar (PFA)
  • BHI w/ blood (esp. yeast phase of dimorphics)
  • Mycosel (antibiotic and antifungal to inhibit saprobes)
44
Q

Incubation requirements for molds

A

22°-25°C (room temp)

45
Q

Incubation requirements for yeast

A

37°C

46
Q

How long are cultures held for?

A

4-6 weeks

47
Q

Why are cases of fungal infections increasing?

A
  • More immunocompromised patients (transplants, anti-cancer drugs)
  • Invasive catheters (bladder, CNS, vascular)
  • Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Host has changed, not the fungi
48
Q

How do people get mycoses?

A
  • Overgrowth of normal flora yeast (Candida) after catheters, chemo, or antibiotics
  • Inhalation of mold conidia
  • Trauma/implantation (Sporothrix)
  • Contact w/ plants (Sporothrix) and animals (dermatophytes)
49
Q

Which antifungal agent is responsible for renal toxicity?

A

Amphotericin B

50
Q

Which “azole” antifungal agent is used only for yeast?

A

Fluconazole

Liz's Mycology Course (8 decks)

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