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Microbiology > Intro to Microbiology (Lecture 1 and 2) > Flashcards

Intro to Microbiology (Lecture 1 and 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Who published micrographic a book which detailed his observations from a crude compound microscope?

A

Robert Hook

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2
Q

Robert hook created the term ________, to describe his observations.

A

cell

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3
Q

Who created lenses that were more powerful than hooks microscope?

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

What did Anton von Leeuwenhoek observe?

A

pond water, scraping from teeth, and feces

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5
Q

Animalcules

A

a Latin term for little animal; used to describe microorganisms that included bacteria, protozoans, and very small animals

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6
Q

In the 1600s how did people think life generated?

A

spontaneously from putrid decaying materials

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7
Q

Who suggested maggots arose from eggs in the decaying material, not the material itself?

A

Leeuwenhoek

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8
Q

What did Redi find out about flies?

A

they did not produce maggots if they were prevented from landing on meat

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9
Q

In 1838 Christian Ehrenberg saw ____________ bacteria.

A

rod-like

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10
Q

In 1840, Jacob Henle implicated ___________ in disease causation.

A

bacteria

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11
Q

In 1854, Filippo Pacino discovered ___________________ in stool samples from cholera patients.

A

rod-like bacteria

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12
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis a Hungarian obstetrician working in Vienna observed what?

A

a high rate of puerperal fever among patients in the maternity ward

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13
Q

Why did this hospital have so much disease?

A

there was no sanitary practices or hand washing

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14
Q

What was the puerperal fever coming from?

A

medical students not washing hands after working with cadavers

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15
Q

What did Semmelweis institute at the hospital?

A

handing washing with chlorinated water

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16
Q

What did Pasteur refute?

A

microscopic life is the result of spontaneous generation

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17
Q

Basis of Pasteurs flask EXPERIMENT ONE

A
  1. each experiment begins with sterilized broth
  2. one flask open to air one flask closed
  3. open flask got bacteria, closed didn’t
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18
Q

Conclusion for Pasteurs EXPERIMENT ONE

A

the north provided nutrients for growth of unseen organism in the air, life comes from other life

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19
Q

Basis of Pasteurs flask EXPERIMENT TWO

A
  1. sterile broth in swan neck flask one broken swan neck flask and one tilted
  2. The broken flask was contaminated
  3. normal flask pathogens trapped in the curve
  4. tilted flask organisms appear
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20
Q

What is responsible for fermentation?

A

yeast

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21
Q

Wine, beer, and milk spoilage were caused by _______________.

A

microorganisms

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22
Q

What did Louis Pasteur develop?

A

a system for heating grape juice that kills harmful microbes leaving yeast to ferment the juice

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23
Q

Pasteurization

A

system of heating to kill microbes

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24
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A

some diseases are caused by microorganisms that have gain access to the human body

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25
What did Robert Koch develop?
pure culture technique by adding gelatin to broth
26
What did adding gelatin to the broth do?
made it so Koch could grow bacterial colonies on the petri dish
27
Koch Postulate 1
suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of disease and ABSENT from healthy animals
28
Koch Postulate 2
suspected pathogen must be grown in a pure culture
29
Koch Postulate 3
cells from the pure culture must cause disease in healthy animal
30
Koch Postulate 4
suspected pathogen must be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the original
31
What fuels the study of infectious disease and advances in medicine?
competition
32
Why study microorganisms and viruses today?
1. they remain a public health problem 2. present a public health solution 3. incredibly useful tools in the study of molecular biology 4. surprising array of diversity and there is still much yet to be discovered about how they live
33
Microbiology
the study of microscopic life forms called microorganisms
34
What can microorganism be seen under?
microscope
35
How big are microorganisms?
10nM to 1mm across
36
Microbiology revolves around two themes:
1. understanding basic life processes 2. applying that knowledge to the benefit of humans
37
How old is earth?
4.6 billion years old
38
Evolution
the process of change over time that results in new varieties and species of organisms
39
When did the first cells appear?
3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago
40
Up until 2 billion years ago, the atmosphere metabolism were exclusively ______________ because the atmosphere was ______________.
-anaerobic -anoxic
41
Anoxic
oxygenless
42
Life was exclusively ______________ until ~1 billion years ago.
microbial
43
Phylogeny
evolutionary relationships between organisms
44
LUCA
last universal common ancestor
45
last universal common ancestor
common ancestral cell form which all cells descended
46
From LUCA, evolution proceeded to what two forms of domains?
1. bacteria 2. archaea and eukarya
47
Three domains system proposed by Carl Woese includes?
1. bacteria 2. archaea 3. eukarya
48
How many species of bacteria are there (prokaryotes)?
10 million
49
What shapes do prokaryotes appear as?
spherical, spiral, or rod shaped
50
How many known viruses?
over 3600
51
Are viruses cellular organism?
no
52
Do viruses have genetic material?
yes sometimes DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein-coated/sometimes lipid membrane
53
What does a virus require to make copies of itself?
a host
54
How many fungi species are there?
70,000
55
Where do most fungi live?
in food medium
56
Protista
single-celled protozoa and algae
57
Protista are free living and some times live _____________ with other organisms.
symbiotically
58
symbiotically
beneficial to both
59
What do microorganism differ in?
size, shape, motility, physiology, pathogenicity, etc.
60
Diversity and abundances of microbes are controlled by ____________ and ____________.
-resources/nutrients -environmental conditions
61
Microorganism existing in nature in populations of interacting assemblages are called ________________.
microbial communities
62
Habitat
environment in which a microbial population lives
63
How can microorganism change their chemical and physical properties of their habitat?
through their activities
64
Nomenclature
gives scientific names to organisms
65
How to name organism?
Genus and species
66
What is the format for nomenclature?
Genus and species italicized and genus is always capitalized
67
Typically with ____________ you will see the genus name abbreviated to the first letter.
bacteria (ex. E.coli)
68
Cell
the fundamental unit of life for all livings things except viruses
69
All cells have what in common?
1. cytoplasmic/cell membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. ribosomes 4. genome
70
Two different types of cells are...
1. prokaryotic 2. eukaryotic
71
Bacteria and archaea are under _____________.
prokaryotes
72
Fungi, protists, and algae are all under _______________.
eukaryotes
73
Prokaryote organisms
bacteria and archaea (UNICELLULAR)
74
Eukaryote organisms
both unicellular and multicellular
75
Size of Prokaryotes
0.2 micro meters in diameter
76
Size of Eukaryotes
10-100 micrometers in diameter
77
Genome of Prokaryotes
-DNA in nucleoid -single circular chromosome -contain extrachromosomal DNA called plasmid -genes dont contain INTRONS -small ~4 million base pairs
78
Genome of Eukaryotes
-DNA found in the nucleus -multiple linear chromosomes -no extrachromosomal DNA -Genes contain introns -larger than prokaryotes
79
Do prokaryotes have ribosomes?
yes small 70s ribosomes
80
Do eukaryotes have ribosomes?
large 80s ribosomes
81
Does a prokaryotic cell have membrane bound organelles?
no
82
Does a eukaryotic cell have membrane bound organelles?
yes
83
Does the cell membrane of a prokaryotic cell have sterols?
no
84
Does the cell membrane of a eukaryotic cell have sterols?
yes like cholesterol
85
Does the prokaryotic cell have a cell wall?
usually and complex
86
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
asexually binary fission
87
Does the eukaryotic cell have a cell wall?
when present it is very simple
88
How do eukaryotes reproduce?
asexual mitosis and or sexual meiosis
89
What do all cells do?
metabolize, grow, and evolve
90
What can only some cells do?
-differentiate communicate -exchange genetic info -move around
91
What does the genome contain?
genes (DNA) that code (RNA) for proteins
92
Metabolim
carries out all chemical reactions
93
Enzymes
protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions
94
DNA replication
DNA chromosome is replicated
95
transcription
DNA gene is read to produce RNA
96
translation
RNA message is read to make proteins
97
What is growth a result of?
activities of the metabolism

Microbiology (5 decks)

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