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Microbiology > Intro to Microbiology (Lecture 1 and 2) > Flashcards

Intro to Microbiology (Lecture 1 and 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who published micrographic a book which detailed his observations from a crude compound microscope?

A

Robert Hook

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2
Q

Robert hook created the term ________, to describe his observations.

A

cell

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3
Q

Who created lenses that were more powerful than hooks microscope?

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

What did Anton von Leeuwenhoek observe?

A

pond water, scraping from teeth, and feces

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5
Q

Animalcules

A

a Latin term for little animal; used to describe microorganisms that included bacteria, protozoans, and very small animals

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6
Q

In the 1600s how did people think life generated?

A

spontaneously from putrid decaying materials

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7
Q

Who suggested maggots arose from eggs in the decaying material, not the material itself?

A

Leeuwenhoek

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8
Q

What did Redi find out about flies?

A

they did not produce maggots if they were prevented from landing on meat

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9
Q

In 1838 Christian Ehrenberg saw ____________ bacteria.

A

rod-like

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10
Q

In 1840, Jacob Henle implicated ___________ in disease causation.

A

bacteria

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11
Q

In 1854, Filippo Pacino discovered ___________________ in stool samples from cholera patients.

A

rod-like bacteria

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12
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis a Hungarian obstetrician working in Vienna observed what?

A

a high rate of puerperal fever among patients in the maternity ward

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13
Q

Why did this hospital have so much disease?

A

there was no sanitary practices or hand washing

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14
Q

What was the puerperal fever coming from?

A

medical students not washing hands after working with cadavers

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15
Q

What did Semmelweis institute at the hospital?

A

handing washing with chlorinated water

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16
Q

What did Pasteur refute?

A

microscopic life is the result of spontaneous generation

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17
Q

Basis of Pasteurs flask EXPERIMENT ONE

A
  1. each experiment begins with sterilized broth
  2. one flask open to air one flask closed
  3. open flask got bacteria, closed didn’t
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18
Q

Conclusion for Pasteurs EXPERIMENT ONE

A

the north provided nutrients for growth of unseen organism in the air, life comes from other life

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19
Q

Basis of Pasteurs flask EXPERIMENT TWO

A
  1. sterile broth in swan neck flask one broken swan neck flask and one tilted
  2. The broken flask was contaminated
  3. normal flask pathogens trapped in the curve
  4. tilted flask organisms appear
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20
Q

What is responsible for fermentation?

A

yeast

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21
Q

Wine, beer, and milk spoilage were caused by _______________.

A

microorganisms

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22
Q

What did Louis Pasteur develop?

A

a system for heating grape juice that kills harmful microbes leaving yeast to ferment the juice

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23
Q

Pasteurization

A

system of heating to kill microbes

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24
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A

some diseases are caused by microorganisms that have gain access to the human body

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25
Q

What did Robert Koch develop?

A

pure culture technique by adding gelatin to broth

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26
Q

What did adding gelatin to the broth do?

A

made it so Koch could grow bacterial colonies on the petri dish

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27
Q

Koch Postulate 1

A

suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of disease and ABSENT from healthy animals

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28
Q

Koch Postulate 2

A

suspected pathogen must be grown in a pure culture

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29
Q

Koch Postulate 3

A

cells from the pure culture must cause disease in healthy animal

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30
Q

Koch Postulate 4

A

suspected pathogen must be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the original

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31
Q

What fuels the study of infectious disease and advances in medicine?

A

competition

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32
Q

Why study microorganisms and viruses today?

A
  1. they remain a public health problem
  2. present a public health solution
  3. incredibly useful tools in the study of molecular biology
  4. surprising array of diversity and there is still much yet to be discovered about how they live
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33
Q

Microbiology

A

the study of microscopic life forms called microorganisms

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34
Q

What can microorganism be seen under?

A

microscope

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35
Q

How big are microorganisms?

A

10nM to 1mm across

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36
Q

Microbiology revolves around two themes:

A
  1. understanding basic life processes
  2. applying that knowledge to the benefit of humans
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37
Q

How old is earth?

A

4.6 billion years old

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38
Q

Evolution

A

the process of change over time that results in new varieties and species of organisms

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39
Q

When did the first cells appear?

A

3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago

40
Q

Up until 2 billion years ago, the atmosphere metabolism were exclusively ______________ because the atmosphere was ______________.

A

-anaerobic
-anoxic

41
Q

Anoxic

A

oxygenless

42
Q

Life was exclusively ______________ until ~1 billion years ago.

A

microbial

43
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary relationships between organisms

44
Q

LUCA

A

last universal common ancestor

45
Q

last universal common ancestor

A

common ancestral cell form which all cells descended

46
Q

From LUCA, evolution proceeded to what two forms of domains?

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea and eukarya
47
Q

Three domains system proposed by Carl Woese includes?

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea
  3. eukarya
48
Q

How many species of bacteria are there (prokaryotes)?

A

10 million

49
Q

What shapes do prokaryotes appear as?

A

spherical, spiral, or rod shaped

50
Q

How many known viruses?

A

over 3600

51
Q

Are viruses cellular organism?

A

no

52
Q

Do viruses have genetic material?

A

yes sometimes DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein-coated/sometimes lipid membrane

53
Q

What does a virus require to make copies of itself?

A

a host

54
Q

How many fungi species are there?

A

70,000

55
Q

Where do most fungi live?

A

in food medium

56
Q

Protista

A

single-celled protozoa and algae

57
Q

Protista are free living and some times live _____________ with other organisms.

A

symbiotically

58
Q

symbiotically

A

beneficial to both

59
Q

What do microorganism differ in?

A

size, shape, motility, physiology, pathogenicity, etc.

60
Q

Diversity and abundances of microbes are controlled by ____________ and ____________.

A

-resources/nutrients
-environmental conditions

61
Q

Microorganism existing in nature in populations of interacting assemblages are called ________________.

A

microbial communities

62
Q

Habitat

A

environment in which a microbial population lives

63
Q

How can microorganism change their chemical and physical properties of their habitat?

A

through their activities

64
Q

Nomenclature

A

gives scientific names to organisms

65
Q

How to name organism?

A

Genus and species

66
Q

What is the format for nomenclature?

A

Genus and species italicized and genus is always capitalized

67
Q

Typically with ____________ you will see the genus name abbreviated to the first letter.

A

bacteria (ex. E.coli)

68
Q

Cell

A

the fundamental unit of life for all livings things except viruses

69
Q

All cells have what in common?

A
  1. cytoplasmic/cell membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. ribosomes
  4. genome
70
Q

Two different types of cells are…

A
  1. prokaryotic
  2. eukaryotic
71
Q

Bacteria and archaea are under _____________.

A

prokaryotes

72
Q

Fungi, protists, and algae are all under _______________.

A

eukaryotes

73
Q

Prokaryote organisms

A

bacteria and archaea (UNICELLULAR)

74
Q

Eukaryote organisms

A

both unicellular and multicellular

75
Q

Size of Prokaryotes

A

0.2 micro meters in diameter

76
Q

Size of Eukaryotes

A

10-100 micrometers in diameter

77
Q

Genome of Prokaryotes

A

-DNA in nucleoid
-single circular chromosome
-contain extrachromosomal DNA called plasmid
-genes dont contain INTRONS
-small ~4 million base pairs

78
Q

Genome of Eukaryotes

A

-DNA found in the nucleus
-multiple linear chromosomes
-no extrachromosomal DNA
-Genes contain introns
-larger than prokaryotes

79
Q

Do prokaryotes have ribosomes?

A

yes small 70s ribosomes

80
Q

Do eukaryotes have ribosomes?

A

large 80s ribosomes

81
Q

Does a prokaryotic cell have membrane bound organelles?

A

no

82
Q

Does a eukaryotic cell have membrane bound organelles?

A

yes

83
Q

Does the cell membrane of a prokaryotic cell have sterols?

A

no

84
Q

Does the cell membrane of a eukaryotic cell have sterols?

A

yes like cholesterol

85
Q

Does the prokaryotic cell have a cell wall?

A

usually and complex

86
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

asexually binary fission

87
Q

Does the eukaryotic cell have a cell wall?

A

when present it is very simple

88
Q

How do eukaryotes reproduce?

A

asexual mitosis and or sexual meiosis

89
Q

What do all cells do?

A

metabolize, grow, and evolve

90
Q

What can only some cells do?

A

-differentiate communicate
-exchange genetic info
-move around

91
Q

What does the genome contain?

A

genes (DNA) that code (RNA) for proteins

92
Q

Metabolim

A

carries out all chemical reactions

93
Q

Enzymes

A

protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions

94
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA chromosome is replicated

95
Q

transcription

A

DNA gene is read to produce RNA

96
Q

translation

A

RNA message is read to make proteins

97
Q

What is growth a result of?

A

activities of the metabolism

Microbiology (5 decks)

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