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Microbiology > Bacterial Cell Structure I & II (Lecture 4, 5, and 6) > Flashcards

Bacterial Cell Structure I & II (Lecture 4, 5, and 6) Flashcards

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1
Q

Flagella

A

long, helical protein filaments attached to a complex integral membrane protein “machine”

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2
Q

Protein filament in flagella is made from…

A

a protein monomer called flagellin

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3
Q

Can cells have more than one flagella?

A

YES

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4
Q

How do flagella move a cell?

A

it rotates to propel a cell (could be counterclockwise/clockwise)

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5
Q

What drives flagella rotation?

A

proton passage

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6
Q

Do all bacteria have flagella?

A

no

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7
Q

Monotrichuous

A

single polar flagellum

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8
Q

Amphitricuous

A

a flagellum at each pole

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9
Q

Lophotricuous

A

multiple flagella localized at the cell pole

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10
Q

Peritricuous

A

multiple flagella inserted at many locations in the cell membrane

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11
Q

Counterclockwise rotation

A

pushes cell forward

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12
Q

How does Peritricuous flagella arrange during CCW rotation?

A

they bundle together

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13
Q

Some Monotrichuous cannot ________________.

A

rotate CCW

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14
Q

Clockwise rotation for Peritricuous

A

they tumble or change direction

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15
Q

What can bidirectional Monotrichuous do?

A

back track

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16
Q

What direction do unicdirectional monotrichuous move?

A

forward

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17
Q

Bacterial movement via flagella and twitching motility is _______________.

A

directed

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18
Q

Taxis

A

directed movement in response to chemical or physical gradients

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19
Q

Chemotaxis

A

response to chemicals the best studied movement system

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20
Q

Phototaxis

A

response to light

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21
Q

Aerotaxis

A

response to oxygen

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22
Q

Osmotaxis

A

response to ionic strength

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23
Q

Hydro taxis

A

response to water

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24
Q

Random movement is caused by…

A

no attractant present

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25
Q

Directed movement is directed by…

A

presence of attractant

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26
Q

How do we measure chemotaxis?

A

by inserting a capillary tube containing an attractant or a repellant in a medium of motile bacteria

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27
Q

Endospore

A

a dormant non-reproductive structure that allows bacterial survival in harsh environmental conditions

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28
Q

1 spore equals

A

one cell

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29
Q

What are endospores highly resistant to?

A

temperature, chemical disinfectants, desiccation, ration, and lysozyme

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30
Q

Do all bacteria form endospores?

A

no it is limited to gram-positive bacteria in the bacillus and clostridium genuses

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31
Q

What is sporulation generally triggered by?

A

nutrient starvation particularly for carbon and nitrogen

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32
Q

Bacteria persists as spores and germinates under ______________________________________

A

conditions that allow it to replicate

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33
Q

DNA is ________ to fit the _________.

A

packed to fit the cell

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34
Q

What DNA is in the bacterial nucleiod?

A

a closed loop of double-stranded DNA

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35
Q

How is DNA condensed?

A

by supercoiling

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36
Q

What is the nucleoid attached to?

A

cell envelope

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37
Q

Chromosome must replicate _____________ for each cell division.

A

at least once

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38
Q

The oldest bacteria spore ever to be revived in a lab was…

A

250 million years old

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39
Q

Surface coat of vegetative cells

A
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40
Q

Surface coat of endospores

A
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41
Q

Microscopic appearance of vegetative cells

A
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42
Q

Microscopic appearance of endospores

A
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43
Q

Enzymatic activity of vegetative cells

A
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44
Q

Enzymatic activity of endospores

A
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45
Q

Macromolecule synthesis of vegetative cells

A
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46
Q

Macromolecule synthesis of endospores

A
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47
Q

Heat resistance of vegetative cells

A
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48
Q

Heat resistance of endospores

A
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49
Q

Resistance to chemicals and acids of vegetative cells

A
50
Q

Resistance to chemicals and acids of endospores

A
51
Q

Radiation resistance of vegetative cells

A
52
Q

Radiation resistance of endospores

A
53
Q

Sensitivity to lysozymes of vegetative cells

A
54
Q

Sensitivity to lysozymes of endospores

A
55
Q

Sensitivity to dyes of vegetative cells

A
56
Q

Sensitivity to dyes of endospores

A
57
Q

What does the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane do?

A
  • interact with a variety of substrates
    -process large molecules for transport
58
Q

What does the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane do?

A

-interact with substrates involved in energy-yielding reactions and other important cellular function

59
Q

Integral membrane protein

A

firmly embedded in the membrane

60
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

one portion anchored in the membrane

61
Q

three major classes of transport systems in prokaryotes

A
  1. simple transport
  2. group translocation
  3. abc transporter
62
Q

Simple transport

A

driven by the energy in the proton motive force H+

63
Q

Group translocation

A

chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

64
Q

ABC transporter

A

periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

65
Q

What do simple transport, group translocation, and abc transporter all require?

A

energy in some form usually proton motive force or ATP

66
Q

Is nutrient transport specific?

A

yes highly

67
Q

Uniport

A

transport in one direction across the membrane

68
Q

Symporters

A

function as co-transporters

69
Q

Antiporters

A

transport a molecule across the membrane while simultaneously transporting another molecule in the OPPOSITE direction

70
Q

Which is faster carrier transport or simple diffusion?

A

carrier transport

71
Q

For carrier transport, if it has a high enough concentration of solute the rate of entry/exit will reach a ________________.

A

maximum the transporter is saturated

72
Q

Capsules and slime layers have ____________ layers.

A

polysaccharide

73
Q

How might the capsule/slime layers be described?

A

they may be thin or thick and rigid or flexible

74
Q

Are capsules closely associated with eukaryotes?

A

no, bacteria

75
Q

Are slime layers associated with bacteria?

A

loosely and easily removed

76
Q

Both capsules and slime layers function to…

A
  1. assist in attachment to surfaces
  2. protect against phagocytosis
  3. resist desiccation
77
Q

Do all bacteria have capsules/slime layers?

A

no

78
Q

Fimbriae structure

A

short, helical, filamentous protein structures

79
Q

How many Fimbriae per cell?

A

1000

80
Q

What is the function of Fimbriae?

A

enables organisms to stick to surfaces or each other

81
Q

Do all bacteria have Fimbriae?

A

no

82
Q

Pili

A

thin filamentous protein structures

83
Q

Which is longer Fimbriae or pili?

A

pili

84
Q

What are the functions of pili?

A
  1. allow for bacterial attachment to surfaces
  2. sometimes allow movement via twitching motility
  3. helps bacteria to evade components of the innate immune system
85
Q

Conjugal pilus function

A

allows for exchange of DNA from one bacteria to another

86
Q

Twitching motility mechanism

A
  1. pili extends
  2. pili binds receptor
  3. pili retracts pulling bacteria along
87
Q

Repeating twitching motions allows what?

A

allows the bacteria to move along surfaces

88
Q

What pili can perform the twitch mechanism?

A

TYPE IV ONLY

89
Q

What two species utilize twitching motility?

A

neisseria and pseudomonas

90
Q

Conjuntion

A

plasmid or piece of the chromosome can be transferred via a specialized sex/conjugal pilus

91
Q

Conjunction mechanism

A

sex pili grab another cell, they are stuck together and exchange genetic info

92
Q

Structures in a general bacterial cell structure

A
  1. flagella
  2. plasmid
  3. inclusion
  4. nucleoid
  5. cell membrane
  6. plasmid
  7. ribosome
  8. cell wall
  9. cytoplasm
  10. pili
  11. glycocalyx
93
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?

A

peptidoglycan

94
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A
  1. polysaccharides (sugar/glycan) chains wrapped in circles around cell
  2. sugar chains crosslinks by polymers of glycine bounded to L-Lysine and D-alanine
95
Q

What happens if we block the cross linking of peptidoglycan?

A

the bacteria dies

96
Q

What did Gram observed?

A

bacteria that retained crystal violet die after treatment with ethanol while others did not and required counter staining

97
Q

Gram positive characteristics

A

-stains purple
-a thick cell wall
-lipoteichoic acids
(capsule, periplasm, s-layer, plasma membrane)

98
Q

What do lipoteichoic acids do?

A

strength the cell wall

99
Q

Gram negative characteristics

A

-stains pink
-doesn’t retain crystal violet
-thin cell wall
-outer and inner membranes

100
Q

Do all species have capsules?

A

no

101
Q

Do all species have s-layers?

A

no

102
Q

What is an s-layer?

A

layer made of protein

103
Q

What is the thick cell wall of gram + cells composed of?

A

9 amino acid cross-links in peptidoglycan with lipoteichoic acids

104
Q

Periplasm Gram +

A

space found between the inner membrane and peptidoglycan layer

105
Q

Periplasm Gram -

A

found between the inner and outer membranes

106
Q

The outer membrane of gram - bacteria is made of _________-.

A

LPS; lipopolysaccharides

107
Q

Thin cell wall of gram - bacteria has…

A

4 amino acid crosslinks in peptidoglycan

108
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane

A

surround cell and separates cytoplasm from the environment

109
Q

What is the cytoplasmic membrane composed of?

A

a phospholipid bilayer studded with membrane proteins

110
Q

What does the phospholipid bilayer do?

A

allows certain things to come through while keeping others out (Semipermeable membrane)

111
Q

Hopanoids

A

pentacyclic chemicals that act to stabilize the bacterial membrane (similar to cholesterol in eukaryotes)

112
Q

Membrane functions

A
  1. permeability barrier
  2. protein anchor
  3. energy conservation
113
Q

permeability barrier

A

mediates nutrient and waste transport prevents leakage allows for production of chemical gradients

114
Q

protein anchor

A

holds transport proteins, enzymes, and other structures in place

115
Q

energy conservation

A

generation of proton motive force

116
Q

composition of membranes

A

generally a phospholipid bilayer

117
Q

phospholipids are composed of:

A

hydrophilic head (water loving) and hydrophobic tails (water hating)

118
Q

hydrophilic heads orient to…

A

the aqueous environment

119
Q

hydrophobic tails interact with…

A

each other

120
Q

Complex lipid construction aka the head and tail

A

contains C, H, O, P, N, or S

121
Q

Complex lipid construction membranes are primarily made of…

A

phospholipids

122
Q

Glycerol is linked to…

A
  1. two fatty acids
  2. a phosphate group

Microbiology (5 decks)

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