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Microbiology > Cell Basics and Microscopy (Lecture 3) > Flashcards

Cell Basics and Microscopy (Lecture 3) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cell growth the result of?

A

activities of metabolism

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2
Q

What do cells use the metabolic process for?

A
  1. gain mass
  2. replicate their DNA
  3. divide
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3
Q

You have discovered a new ovoid (oval-shaped) microorganism with a nucleus, and genome containing multiple linear chromosomes. The new microorganism is…

A

most likely a eukaryote

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4
Q

Resolution

A

the smallest distance by which two objects can be separated and still be distinguished

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5
Q

What depends on the resolution of the observer’s eye?

A

the size at which objects become visible

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6
Q

Light microscopy has a resolution limit of __________.

A

200nm

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7
Q

What does electron microscopy require ____________________ conditions that can damage or alter cell structures.

A

fixation/freezing

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8
Q

What is the limitation of the naked eye?

A

resolution is limited to 150 micrometer

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9
Q

What is used to observe most microorganisms?

A

light microscopy

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10
Q

What three lenses does light microscopy usually have?

A

low-power, high-power, and oil-immersion

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11
Q

Bright-field

A

light passing through the cell directly forms the image

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12
Q

Phase-contrast and differential-interference-contrast

A

exploits the phase change of light passing through an object varying thickness and density to produce an image

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13
Q

Dark field

A

illuminating rays are directed from the side so only scattered light enters the microscope lens

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14
Q

When is light microscopy useful for?

A

examining cell when they are alive

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15
Q

Phase-contrast, differential-interference-contrast, and dark field are all useful for looking at cells while they ____________________.

A
  1. move around
  2. mitosis/cell migration
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16
Q

What does staining provide?

A

contrast

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17
Q

What does a simple stain technique involve?

A

flooding a prepared specimen with basic dye

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18
Q

Negative stain technique uses _________ dye.

A

acidic

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19
Q

What does acidic dye repel?

A

cell walls leaving clear cells on a dark background

20
Q

Fluorescence microscopy

A

relies on the use of fluorescent chemicals for visualization

21
Q

Fluorescent chemicals absorbs light at one _______________ and emits light at a ______________ longer wavelength.

A
  1. wavelength
  2. specific
22
Q

In Fluorescence microscopy what is the specimen stained with?

A

fluorescent chemical

23
Q

What excites fluorescent chemicals?

A

light from a mercury lamp

24
Q

How does Fluorescence microscopy work?

A

chemical emits a specific wavelength of light the light from the sample is passed through a filter so only the emission wavelength from the fluorescent chemical is detected

25
Q

What are some uses of Fluorescence microscopy?

A

-view a specific cell in a mixture of different cells
-view specific cell component in a cell

26
Q

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

electrons pass through specimen and it reveals internal structures

27
Q

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

electrons scan the specimen surface and reveals external features in 3D

28
Q

What does both SEM and TEM require?

A

staining with heavy metals this preparation will kill the cell

29
Q

Morphology

A

cell shape

30
Q

Major cell morphologies

A
  1. coccus
  2. rod
31
Q

Cells with unusual shapes are…

A
  1. spirillum (spiral)
  2. spirochetes (corkscrew)
  3. appendages bacteria
  4. filamentous bacteria
32
Q

What are some selective forces that are involved in creating the morphology?

A
  1. optimization for nutrient uptake
  2. swimming motility in viscous environments
  3. gliding motility
33
Q

Cocci shape

A

spherically shaped bacteria

34
Q

Where may cocci bacteria grow in?

A
  1. chains
  2. clusters
  3. tetrads
  4. sarcinae
35
Q

Chains

A

Strepto-

36
Q

Clusters

A

staph-

37
Q

Bacilli shape

A

rod-shaped bacteria

38
Q

How can bacilli grow?

A
  1. arrange in pairs
  2. chains
  3. just short and rounded
39
Q

Bent rods

A

vibrios

40
Q

Corkscrew

A

spirilla with rigid cell wall and external flagella

41
Q

Spirochetes are corkscrew-shaped bacteria but are different from spirilla because…

A

-flexible cell walls
-internal flagella

42
Q

Most cultured rod-shaped bacteria are between ________ and ___________ micrometers in width.

A

0.5 and 5.0

43
Q

Size range for eukaryotic cells

A

10 to >200 micrometers in diameter

44
Q

Size range for prokaryotes

A

0.2 to >700 micrometers in diameter

45
Q

Describe smaller cells surface area compared to their cell volume

A

they have more surface area than their cell volume

46
Q

What does having a larger surface area allow?

A
  1. support greater nutrient exchange per unit cell volume
  2. tend to grow faster than larger cells
47
Q

Who’s bigger eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

Microbiology (5 decks)

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