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Microbiology > Bacterial Growth and Growth Control (Lecture 8, 9, and 10) > Flashcards

Bacterial Growth and Growth Control (Lecture 8, 9, and 10) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three stages of microbial cell growth?

A
  1. B Period
  2. C Period
  3. D period
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2
Q

B Period

A

cell increases in mass and size

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3
Q

C Period

A

the chromosome replicates and the two strands are segregated (separated)

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4
Q

D Period

A

synthesis of a septum forms two identical cells

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5
Q

B stands for

A

build

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6
Q

What is required for cell growth?

A

production of new cell wall material

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6
Q

During the B period what are cells using to generate lipids, amino acids, nucleotides, and cell wall?

A

ATP

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6
Q

During the B Period what are cells generating?

A

ATP

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7
Q

MreB

A

major shape determine factor in prokaryotes

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7
Q

What do prokaryotes contain that is dynamic and multifaceted?

A

cytoskeleton

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8
Q

What does MreB do?

A
  1. forms spiral shaped bands around the inside of the cell
  2. localizes synthesis of new peptidoglycan other components
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9
Q

Where is MreB not found?

A

in coccus shaped bacteria

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10
Q

Autolysins

A

pre-existing peptidoglycan CREATING BREAKS in the sugar backbone and peptide crosslinks

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11
Q

Bactoprenol

A

a hydrophobic alcohol that carries NAG-NAM-peptide across the membrane

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11
Q

What is NAG (G) linked to?

A

NAM (M) with a peptide and bactoprenol

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12
Q

What happens after autolysins create breaks?

A

a new unit of peptidoglycan NAG (G) us moved across the membrane to the lesion site

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13
Q

Transglycolases are enzymes that…

A
  1. interact with bactoprenol
  2. insert cell wall precursors into growing points of cell wall
  3. catalyze glycosidic (NAG/NAM) bond formation
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14
Q

Transpeptidases is an enzyme that….

A
  1. forms peptide cross links between glycan adjacent chains
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15
Q

What is Transpeptidases also called?

A

penicillin binding proteins or PBPs

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16
Q

What do antibiotics target in cell wall synthesis?

A

inhibits cell wall crosslinking

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17
Q

C is for…

A

chromosome

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18
Q

How fast can DNA polymerase replicate DNA?

A

at 1000bp per second

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19
Q

Is replication bidirectional?

A

yes it has two polymerases working on the DNA in opposite directions

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20
Q

What division time does E.coli have?

A

20 minutes

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21
Q

D is for…

A

divides

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22
Q

Binary fission

A

cell division following the enlargement of a cell to twice its minimum size and the completion of one chromosome replication event

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

Binary

A

one cell gives rise to two cells

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25
Q

Fission

A

splitting of one cell to two cells

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26
Q

Fts

A

filamentous temperature sensitive proteins

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27
Q

What is FTS essential for?

A

cell division in prokaryotes

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28
Q

Divisome

A

cell division apparatus

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29
Q

FtsZ

A

forms ring around center of cell

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30
Q

ZipA

A

anchor that connects FtsZ ring to cytoplasmic membrane

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31
Q

FtsA

A

helps connect FtsZ ring to the membrane and also recruits other divisive protein

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32
Q

When is DNA replicated before?

A

before the FtsZ ring forms but daughter chromosomes are yet to be segregated

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33
Q

What is the location of FtsZ ring facilitated by?

A

min proteins

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34
Q

MinCD

A

a protein complex that oscillates from side to side

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35
Q

MinE

A

follows MinCD causing it to fall apart

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36
Q

Wherever MinCD and MinE are _______ can’t form a ring that will divide the cell.

A

FtsZ

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37
Q

As the cell gets longer and longer MinCD and MinE spend most of there time ______________.

A

at the poles

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38
Q

MinCD and MinE being at the poles allows FtsZ ring to do what?

A

allows the ring to form in the center of the cell

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39
Q

How does the mother cell divide into two daughter cell?

A

FtsZ ring contracts

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40
Q

How does bacteria multiple?

A

in an asexual exponential fashion

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41
Q

What is the interval of time between subdivisions?

A

generation or doubling time

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42
Q

What factors is doubling time subject to?

A
  1. the genus and species
  2. nutritional component of the media
  3. temperature of the growth media
  4. stress
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43
Q

What does stress cause?

A
  1. inhibits growth
  2. sudden rise or fall of temperature
  3. pH changes or suboptimal pH
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44
Q

In labs how are growth curves normally plotted?

A

on a log scale rather than a linear

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45
Q

arithmetic

A

linear scale

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46
Q

N0

A

the number or organism you start with

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47
Q

Nt

A

the number of organisms after n generations

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48
Q

n

A

number of divisions

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49
Q

Formula for finding Nt

A

Nt=No x 2^n

50
Q

How do we calculate generation time?

A

log10(Nt/N0)/0.301=n

51
Q

Formula for growth rate constant

A

K=n/t

52
Q

What does k equal?

A

K=(log10(Nt/N0)/0.301)/t

53
Q

How to find generation time?

A

g=1/k

54
Q

Batch culture

A

a closed system microbial culture of fixed volume

55
Q

Typical growth curve for populations of cells grown in batch culture is characterized by what 4 phases?

A
  1. lag phase
  2. exponential phase
  3. stationary phase
  4. death phase
56
Q

Lag phase

A

interval between inoculation of a culture and the beginning of growth

57
Q

Does cell division occur in the lag phase?

A

no because the bacteria is getting adapted to their new environment

58
Q

Log Phase

A

when exponential growth of the population occurs

59
Q

When are cells the healthiest?

A

those in log phase

60
Q

When do human disease symptoms normally develop?

A

during log phase

61
Q

Stationary phase

A

population growth is limited

62
Q

How is population growth limited in the stationary phase?

A
  1. exhaustion of nutrients
  2. exhaustion of space
  3. accumulation of inhibitory metabolites or end products
63
Q

Does metabolism continue in stationary phase?

A

yes but at a reduced rate

64
Q

Decline/death phase

A

the accumulation of waste products and scarcity of resources which causes the population to decline in number

65
Q

In the decline/death phase do all the cells lose the ability to die?

A

no viable cells can be transferred to fresh media and will enter a lag phase again

66
Q

Subculture

A

when viable cells can be transferred to fresh media and will enter a lag phase again

67
Q

In what type of culture are growth conditions consistently changing?

A

batch culture

68
Q

Why are growth conditions consistently changing in batch cultures?

A

because it is impossible to independently control both growth parameters

69
Q

When can growth rate and growth yield be controlled?

A

only at low-nutrient concentrations

70
Q

Growth rate

A

the rate of division/generation time

71
Q

Growth yield

A

the biomass/biomaterial created in the culture

72
Q

continuous culture

A

an open system microbial culture of fixed volume

73
Q

Chemostat

A

most common type of continuous culture device

74
Q

Manipulating dilution rate and concentration of a limiting nutrient can control what two things?

A

growth rate and population density of a culture independently

75
Q

dilution rate

A

rate at which fresh medium is pumped in and spent medium is pumped out

76
Q

What are chemostat cultures sensitive to?

A

the dilution rate and limiting nutrient concentration

77
Q

What is the growth rate controlled by?

A

dilution rate

78
Q

What happens when dilution rate is too high?

A

organism is washed out

79
Q

What happens when dilution rate is too low?

A

the cell may die from starvation

80
Q

What is growth yield controlled by?

A

the concentration of the limiting nutrient

81
Q

What happens when we increase the concentration of the limiting nutrient?

A

results in greater biomass but same growth rate

82
Q

Why is a continuous culture used?

A

allows us to keep a culture in exponential phase for longer periods than a batch culture

83
Q

What products are made via continuous cultures?

A

detergent, antibiotics, insulin

84
Q

What are some benefits of using a continuous culture?

A
  1. generates a larger amount of biomass/biomaterials per unit of material
  2. can use bacteria as a factory to manufacture biomaterials
  3. allows for more efficient manufacturing than batch culture
85
Q

Physical techniques of measuring the growth of a microbial culture or population:

A
  1. optical density
  2. direct microscopic count
  3. colony forming unit assay
86
Q

Molecular based techniques of measuring the growth of a microbial culture or population:

A
  1. Quantitative PCR
  2. Flow cytometry
87
Q

Direct microscopic count

A

-using a counting chamber
-bacteria are placed in a slide with containing grids of a known area
-volume of liquid held by the slide is constant allowing for contraption of cells per unit volume

88
Q

Colony Forming Unit Assay

A
  • a culture bacteria is serially diluted in sterile liquid media

-each dilution is plate on sterile agar plate

-number of colonies on plate indicates the number of viable living cells in original culture

89
Q

Cell number for colony forming unit assay is represented as…

A

colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL)

90
Q

PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction

91
Q

What is PCR based off of?

A

Kornbergs research on in vitro DNA synthesis

92
Q

What does PCR allow?

A

for efficient amplification of specific DNA sequences in the laboratory

93
Q

What is PCR used for?

A

DNA sequencing, molecular cloning, clinical diagnosis

94
Q

How do PCR products grow?

A

exponential as a function of the number of cycles in the reaction

95
Q

The amount of given DNA sequence in a culture is ______________ to the number of bacteria in a culture.

A

proportional

96
Q

Q-PCR (quantitative PCR)

A

an advanced reaction that can amplify and quantify or detect the target DNA simultaneously, thus, providing an advantage of observing the effect of environmental conditions on the microbe

97
Q

What factors affect bacterial growth?

A
  1. temp
  2. oxygen concentration
  3. pH
  4. hydrostatic pressure
  5. osmotic pressure
98
Q

Hyperthermophile

A

growth above 80 Celsius

99
Q

thermophile

A

growth between 50 and 80 celsius

100
Q

mesophile

A

growth between 15 and 45 celsius

101
Q

pyschrophile

A

growth below 15 celsius

102
Q

Alkaliphile

A

growth above pH 9-11

103
Q

neutralophile

A

growth between pH 5 and 8

104
Q

acidophile

A

growth below pH 0-5

105
Q

Halophile

A

growth in high salt

106
Q

Aerobe

A

growth in oxygen only

107
Q

Facultative

A

growth with or without oxygen

108
Q

microaerophile

A

growth in small amounts of oxygen

109
Q

anaerobe

A

growth with no oxygen

110
Q

Barophile

A

growth at high pressure greater than 380 atm

111
Q

Barotolerant

A

growth between 10 and 495 atm

112
Q

What does a bacterial cell temp match?

A

that of its own environment

113
Q

Changes in temperature causes what?

A

impact in every aspect of microbial physiology

114
Q

Microbes that grow at higher tempers normally can achieve what?

A

higher rates of growth

115
Q

Homeostasis

A

tendency of a biological system to maintain internal stability owing to the coordinated response of its part to any situation or stimulus that would tend to disturb its normal response

116
Q

What does rapid temp change cause?

A

heat-shock response

117
Q

Is oxygen required for cell growth?

A

not for all

118
Q

What is used to test an organism oxygen sensitivity?

A

thioglycollate broth

119
Q

What does an anaerobic jar create?

A

creates an oxygen-free environment

120
Q

How can you reduce oxygen in an environment?

A

pump in H2 and CO2

121
Q

What can disrupt pH homeostasis?

A

weak acids which pass through membranes and can kill cells

122
Q

When cells are placed in unwanted pH contains below the optimum pH?

A

protons can enter the cell and lower internal pH to lethal levels

123
Q

What can microbes do for pH homeostasis?

A

prevent unwanted influx of protons by exchanging extracellular K+ for intracellular H+ when internal pH becomes too low

124
Q

What happens under extreme alkaline conditions?

A

the cell can use Na+/H+ anti-porter to bring protons into the cell in exchange for expelling Na+

125
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of fluid through partially permeable membrane from an area of HIGH SOLUTE to LOW SOLUTE and vice versa

126
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

too high of a concentration on one side of the membrane

127
Q

Osmolarity

A

internal solute concentrations

Microbiology (5 decks)

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