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IAI > Intro to Microbiology #1 > Flashcards

Intro to Microbiology #1 Flashcards

1
Q

List org that cause infectious diseases

A
  1. Parasites: Helminths + Protozoa
  2. Fungi
  3. Bacteria
  4. Viruses
  5. Prions (controversial)
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2
Q

How do groups of microbes differ from each other?

A
  • structure + mol make-up
  • biochem + met strategies to obtain energy + nutrients
  • rep processes to multiply
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3
Q

Which microbes are cells + not cells?

A
  • cells:
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • protozoa + helminths
  • not cells:
  • viruses
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4
Q

Compare nucleic acids of microbes

A
  • DNA + RNA
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • protozoa + helminths
  • DNA/RNA - never both
  • viruses
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5
Q

Compare type of nucleus of microbes

A
  • eukaryotic:
  • fungi
  • protozoa + helminths
  • prokaryotic:
  • bacteria
  • none:
  • viruses
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6
Q

Compare rib of microbes

A
  • 80S:
  • fungi
  • protozoa + helminths
  • 70S:
  • bacteria
  • none:
  • viruses
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7
Q

Compare mem-bound org of microbes

A
  • none:
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • do have:
  • fungi
  • protozoa + helminths
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8
Q

Compare nature of outer surface of microbes

A
  • virus: protein capsid, +ve/-ve lipoprotein envelope
  • bacteria: rigid cell wall containing peptidoglycan
  • protozoa + helminths: flexible mem
  • fungi: rigid cell wall containing chitin
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9
Q

Compare method of rep of microbes

A
  • viruses: require host cell machinery
  • bacteria: binary fission
  • fungi: budding/mitosis
  • protozoa + helminths: mitosis
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10
Q

Which microbes are microparasites?

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • protozoa
  • fungi
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11
Q

Which microbes are macroparasites?

A

helminths

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12
Q

Compare size of macro + microparasites

A
  • big (naked eye)

- small (microscope)

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13
Q

Compare rep products of macro + microparasites

A
  • macro: outside host (eggs/larvae) which then leave host + level of infection determined by no. of org that can enter host
  • micro: within host (multiply to prod v. large no.s of progeny which cause overwhelming infection)
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14
Q

What microbes do hosts usually dev immunity to?

A

micro but not macroparasites

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15
Q

Why is line between macro + microparasites not always clear?

A

progeny of some macro remains within host + infection can lead to large no. of org

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16
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

science concerned with systematic classification of org + focus on precise identification of unknown agent

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17
Q

What is taxa?

A

Div of org into related groups based on sim characteristics

18
Q

How are microbes named?

A
  • All microbes except viruses are named according to genus + species (Linnean system)
  • viruses have single name
19
Q

List morphological characteristics used to classify bacteria

A
  • nature of cell wall
  • staining (gram stain - +ve/-ve)
  • shape (cocci, bacilli/rods + spirilla/spirochetes)
  • spore-forming abilities
20
Q

Describe shape of diff bacteria

A
  • cocci - spherical
  • bacilli/rods - straight
  • spirilla/spirochetes - long + helical
  • some bacilli + occi form colonies + adhere end to end after they’re div, forming chains
21
Q

Describe spore-forming abilities of bacteria

A
  • some bacterial colonies change into stock structures, grow long branch filaments/form erect structures that release spores
22
Q

How are bacteria classified according to met?

A
  • bacterial growth affected by O2 depending on energy-gen system e.g. obligate microbes, facultative anaerobes + obligate anaerobes
23
Q

What biochem properties can classify bacteria?

A
  • prod of specific enz e.g. coagulase/toxins
24
Q

Which characteristic has been used to classify bacteria more recently?

A
  • ## DNA seq of their genome - recognition + characterisation of pathogens that can be grown in vitro + determining evo of microorg by comparing genome of diff species
25
Q

List characteristics used to classify viruses?

A
  • type of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
  • number of strands of nucleic acid (ss/ds)
  • phys construction (segmented)
  • polarity of viral genome (+ve/-ve strand RNA)
  • symm of nucleocapsid
  • presence/absence of lipid envelope
26
Q

What are helminths?

A
  • multicellular worms that infest many organs of body - most commonly GI tract
  • many have complex life cycles that progress from egg to larva to adult
27
Q

How are helminths transmitted?

A
  • direct through swallowing infective stages/larvae penetrating skin
  • indirect via intermediate non-human hosts
28
Q

What are most serious infections caused by helminths?

A

tapeworms + flukes

29
Q

What are protozoa?

A
  • single cell org whose life cycles involve met active growth stage (trophozoite) + dormant stage (cyst)
  • free-living/life cycle may require 1/more hosts
30
Q

How are protozoa transmitted?

A
  • ingestion of contaminated water/food with cysts

- or via insect vectors that pass trophozoites to new hosts

31
Q

Give e.g.s of common diseases caused by protozoa

A
  • malaria (plasmodium)
  • toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma)
  • leishmaniasis (leishmania)
32
Q

How can protozoa prod large amounts of progeny?

A

have enormous rep potential due to short gen times + undergo rapid segementation dev

33
Q

How do fungi grow?

A
  • as single cells (yeasts), branched filaments (hyphae)/both (dimorphic fungi)
  • filamentous - mass of hyphae forms mycelium
34
Q

Why are fungi not sensitive to antimicrobials?

A
  • have thick cell wall primarily of chitin

- bacterial cell walls made of peptidoglycan + e.g. penicillin which interfere with peptidoglycan syn

35
Q

How do fungi cause infection?

A
  • aquired from env/occur as part of normal flora
36
Q

What are 3 types of common fungal diseases?

A
  • superficial
  • cutaneous
  • opportunistic
37
Q

Where are superficial fungal diseases found?

A
  • hair shaft, dead layer of skin
38
Q

Where are cutaneous fungal diseases found + give e.g?

A
  • epidermis, hair + nails

- ringworm, athlete’s foot

39
Q

Where are opportunisitic fungal diseases found?

A
  • int. organs

- candidiasis

40
Q

When are fungal diseases more serious?

A

in immunocompromised indiv

IAI (8 decks)

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