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IAI > Innate Immune Protection (#1) > Flashcards

Innate Immune Protection (#1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A
  • non-specific defence mech that host uses immediately/within sev hrs after exposure to antigen
  • keeps host alive until adaptive immune response can take over
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2
Q

What is 1st immune response?

A

inflammation

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3
Q

How long does innate immunity and early induced response take?

A
  • 0-4hrs

- 4-96hrs

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4
Q

List characterisitics of innate immune system

A
  • born with it
  • v. fast (within hrs)
  • ancient evolution - components found in invert, amoeba etc
  • no memory - responds exactly same way each time
  • uses handful of mol to recognise that infection is present
  • induces + directs acquired/adaptive immune response
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5
Q

List components of innate immune system and when the are active

A
  1. Phys/anatomical barriers - not induced and happens all the time and prevents pathogens from entering
  2. Secreted compounds - secreted upon infection
  3. Cellular components - eliminate pathogen
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6
Q

What are goals of innate immune system?

A
  • prevent entry of pathogen through openings and skin
  • recognise pathogen
  • recruit cells
  • ingest pathogen
  • induce specific immune response
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7
Q

How does skin act as protective barrier?

A
  • dry, thick, protective outer layer made of keratin
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8
Q

List phys/anatomical barriers

A
  • skin
  • GI tract
  • resp tract
  • mucosal epi
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9
Q

List secreted compounds

A
  • antibac compounds
  • complement
  • natural antibodies
  • cytokines
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10
Q

List cellular components

A
  • phagocytes

- NK cells

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11
Q

What is psoriasin?

A

prod anti-bac compound

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12
Q

Why can you get E.coli skin infection if you have burns?

A
  • layer that makes psoriasin burnt away
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13
Q

How does resp tract act as phys/anatomical barrier?

A
  • cells tightly packed together with tight junctions - diff for pathogens to enter cells
  • cilia moves pathogens out of resp tract so can’t settle
  • mucus to trap bacteria + eliminate by coughing/move bacteria out of resp tract
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14
Q

How does GI tract act as phys barrier?

A
  • peristalsis keeps bacteria moving
  • HCl prod
  • low pH - bacteria not suited to + enz activated at that pH help to destroy bacteria
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15
Q

Describe mech and secreted protection

A
  • eyes - blinking as mech way to remove pathogens
  • tears - wash pathogens away
  • tears, sweat, saliva contain lysopzyme which destroys bacteria walls
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16
Q

Describe int. protection (microbial competition)

A
  • good bacteria in gut and skin compete with pathogenic bacteria for light, space + nutrients
17
Q

Which pathogens does innate immune system recognise?

A

few highly conserved mol structures present in many diff microorg: pathogen ass mol patterns

18
Q

What must PAMPS be?

A
  • present in microorg but not host - immune system needs to diff between itself + host
  • essential for survival of pathogen - so pathogen can’t mutate PAMP bc otherwise no longer good for immune recognition
19
Q

Give e.g.s of PAMPs and where they are found

A
  • lipopolysaccharide (from all gram -ve bacteria walls)

- lipoteichoic acid (from all gram +ve bacteria walls)

20
Q

What is sig about polysacc and lipid A parts of LPS?

A
  • polysacc: tells you what kind of gram -ve bacteria it is

- lipid A: PAMP part - same in all gram -ve bacteria

21
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors?

A
  • recognise PAMPs + send signal to host cell to upreg mol important in immune response
  • determine self from non-self + which type of pathogen it is
22
Q

List the PRRs and where they are found

A
  1. Collectins - float in serum
  2. Toll like receptors - within + on surface of cell mem, within vesicles within cell
  3. Nod-like receptors - cytoplasm
23
Q

What are collectins and their structure?

A
  • family of proteins present in sol

- collagen-like region + mannose binding-lectin region

24
Q

What is the function of the diff regions of the collectins?

A
  • collagen-like region interacts with effector parts of the immune system
  • MBL region binds to sugar mol on surface of pathogen e.g. mannose
25
Q

How do collectins work?

A
  • MBL binds with high affinity to mannose + fucose residues with correct spacing only found in bacterial cells
  • mannose + fucose residues that have diff spacing not bound by MBL
26
Q

How many mammalian homologues are there of of TLR?

A

at least 10

27
Q

What bacteria does TLR 1 + 2 recognise?

A

gram +ve bacteria

28
Q

What bacteria does TLR 3 recognise?

A

RNA virus (dsRNA, polyl:C) which many viruses make so RNA can recognise many viruses

29
Q

What bacteria does TLR 4 recognise?

A

gram -ve bacteria

30
Q

What bacteria does TLR 5 recognise?

A

flagellin - makes flagella found in bacteria + parasites which is motile + helps them move

31
Q

What bacteria does TLR 6 recognise?

A

mycoplasma (lipopeptide)

32
Q

What bacteria does TLR 7 + 8 recognise?

A

RNA virus (ssRNA)

33
Q

What bacteria does TLR 9 recognise?

A

Unmeth CpG DNA - human DNA essential for function but bacterial DNA unmeth

34
Q

What are NOD-like receptors and their functions?

A
  • nuclear oligodimerisation-like receptors
  • recognise components of gram +ve + -ve bacteria
  • upreg pro-inflammatory cytokines + chemokines e.g. MHC + co-stim mol
35
Q

What does NOD 1 + 2 sense?

A

NOD 1 senses gamma-glutamyl diaminopimelic acid

NOD 2 senses muramyl dipeptide

36
Q

What are the effector mech of innate immune response?

A
  • complement
  • phagocytosis + killing
  • cytokines
  • activation of adaptive immunity
37
Q

What is complement, where is it found and how does it function?

A
  • series of proteins that circ in blood + tissue fluids
  • syn in liver in response to inflammation
  • operates via cascade i.e. 1 product induces formation of next (series of enz that relies on cleavage of 1 before for it to be activated
38
Q

What is C3?

A
  • key protein

- cleaved by C3 convertase

IAI (8 decks)

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