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IAI > Antibody, Lymphocytes & Generation of Diversity (#1) > Flashcards

Antibody, Lymphocytes & Generation of Diversity (#1) Flashcards

1
Q

Give an adv + disadv of adaptive immunity

A
  • adv: not as fast

- disadv: more specific with memory

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2
Q

What is the limitation of innate immunity?

A

pathogens can still enter, divide + mutate

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3
Q

What would happen if you didn’t have adaptive immunity?

A

we die

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4
Q

What are the cells of the adaptive immune system?

A
  • B cell

- T cell

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5
Q

Describe the T cell receptor

A
  • heterodimer of alpha + beta chain
  • 1 binding site for antigen
  • unique to each cell
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6
Q

Describe the B cell receptor

A
  • an antibody
  • 2 identical heavy chains
  • 2 identical light chains
  • 2 sites for antigen
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7
Q

How does the adaptive system roughly work?

A
  • depends on cells that are indiv + recognise their own unique antigenic shapes
  • also on diversity of lymphocyte receptors that can match antigenic shapes body might be threatened by
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8
Q

What is adv of constant migration of lymphocytes with diverse receptors through blood + lymphoid tissues?

A

inc probab that they will encounter specific antigens

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9
Q

How are pathogens entering the system recognised?

A
  • recognised by lymphocytes with complementary shape
  • these cells div + eventually antigen overpowered so cells with complementary receptor inc + become memory cells - more abundant + can respond rapidly
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10
Q

What happens when the immune system encounters the same antigen it has before?

A
  • freq of receptors specific to antigen inc + so antigen overpowered more quickly
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11
Q

Summarise how memory works for B + T cells

A
  • higher freq of specific cells

- respond more rapidly + efficiency

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12
Q

What system is memory only specific to?

A

adaptive

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13
Q

Compare the timing of responses between innate + adaptive system

A
  • innate: mins to hrs
  • adaptive: 1st exposure (primary response) - 12 days
    booster (secondary response) - 5-7 days
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14
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the lymphocyte receptor and their location?

A
  • variable region: tip of receptor

- constant: rest of receptor

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15
Q

What is the issue of having receptors dependant on being encoded in our DNA?

A
  • total no. of human genes in genome approx 25k
  • but microbe diversity exceeds millions + can mutate + adapt
  • so wouldn’t have enough variability to match microbes
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16
Q

What process generates unique lymphocyte receptor specificity + diversity?

A

Gene rearrangement

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17
Q

What 3 segments is the variable region of the heavy chain composed of?

A
  1. Variable
  2. Diversity
  3. Joining
18
Q

Where is the antibody heavy chain found?

A

on chr 14 of every cell in the body

19
Q

What are the number of options that human DNA encodes approx for V, D + J segments?

A
  • V: 48 different options
  • D: 23 diff options
  • J: 6 diff options
20
Q

How do the diff options for the V, D + J segment differ?-

A
  • differ in seq but all have same functions
21
Q

How many diff combos of V, D + J segments are there for immunoglob heavy chain variable region?

A

776

22
Q

How exactly are the V, D + J segments selected?

A
  • D + J segments taken at random from options available
  • rearranged V segment joins D + J
  • intervening DNA removed as a loop
23
Q

What segments are the variable regions of antibody light chain made up of?

A
  • variable

- joining

24
Q

How many diff combos of V + J segments are there for immunoglob light chain variable region?

A

340

25
Q

How many variants would there be for the heavy + light chain together approx?

A
  • 776 x 340 = 2.6m
26
Q

What is combinatorial diversity?

A

combo of segments together to gen unique receptors from multiple alt segments in germline genes

27
Q

What is junctional diversity + what is it caused by?

A
  • nucleotides added + removed from junctions during rearrangement
  • caused by imprecise joining of segments
  • adds further diversity due to intro of random segments into junction
28
Q

Where does B + T cell dev with gene rearrangement occur?

A
  • B cell: bone marrow

- T cell: thymus

29
Q

What are the 2 types of T cells?

A
  • cytotoxic

- helper

30
Q

When activated through the receptor, what do the T cells diff to?

A
  • cytotoxic: to secrete cytotoxic granules

- helper: to prod diff sets of cytokines (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg)

31
Q

When activated, what does the B cell diff to?

A

antibody-prod plasma cell

32
Q

What do plasma cells secrete?

A
  • antibody that have same specificity as B cell that used it as B cell receptor so B cell becomes effector mol
33
Q

What do the variable regions of the antibody determine?

A
  • specificity due to pairing of heavy + light regions
34
Q

What is kappa or lambda?

A
  • encoded by diff loci on diff chr

- B cells only express 1 of them as light chains

35
Q

What are the heavy or light chains of antibody joined by?

A

disulphide bonds

36
Q

What does the constant region of the antibody determine?

A
  • determines if antibody is IgM, IgA etc

- so determines function

37
Q

List the heavy chain constant region classes

A
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgG
  • IgD
  • IgE
38
Q

What are the heavy chain constant region subclasses coded by and give an e.g.?

A
  • diff constant region gene segments

- have homology so referred to as IgA1, IgA2

39
Q

What are Fc receptors and where are they found?

A
  • paired constant region segments

- e.g. macrophages have them + can bind antibodies Fc regions

40
Q

How do antibodies bind antigen?

A
  • through tips of variable regions through complementary shape
  • can be lock + key, electrostatic interaction (attraction of opp charge), hydrostatic

IAI (8 decks)

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