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IAI > Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Give e.g.s of what the immune system protects us from

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • parasites
  • cancer
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2
Q

List the cells involved in innate immunity

A
  • epi barriers
  • complement
  • phagocytes
  • NK cells
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3
Q

List the cells involved in adaptive immunity

A
  • B + T lymphocytes
  • antibodies
  • effector T cells
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4
Q

How does the innate and adaptive immunity differ in dev, kinetics + duration?

A
  • innate:
  • present from birth
  • rapid
  • short duration
  • adaptive:
  • inc with exposure/age
  • slower
  • long duration
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5
Q

How does the innate and adaptive immunity differ in specificity, memory, key sol mol + cells?

A
  • innate:
  • low specificity
  • no memory
  • complement, enz
  • phagocytes, NK cells
  • adaptive:
  • high specificity
  • long lasting memory
  • antibody, cytokines
  • B cells, T cells
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6
Q

What is a pluripotent stem cell?

A

Can diff into any type of immune cell

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7
Q

What are the 4 cells the pluripotent stem cell can diff into?

A
  1. erythrocytes
  2. granulocyte/monocyte (myeloid) lineage
  3. platelets
  4. lymphocyte (lymphoid precursors)
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8
Q

What are the bone marrow precursors that the granulocyte/monocyte lineage + lymphocyte precursors diff into?

A
  • granulocyte:
  • granulocyte precursor
  • monoblast
  • dendritic cell precursor
  • lymphocyte:
  • Pre-B cell
  • Pre-T cell
  • Pre-NK cell
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9
Q

What are the mature blood forms that the bone marrow precursors diff into?

A
  • granulocyte precursor —> neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
  • monoblast —> monocyte
  • DC precursor —> immature DC
  • Pre-B cell —> B cell
  • Pre-T cell —> thymus —> T cell
  • Pre-NK cell —> NK cell
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10
Q

What are the mature tissue forms that the mature blood forms diff into?

A
  • monocyte —> macrophage
  • immature DC —> DC
  • B cell —> plasma cell
  • mast cell
  • tissue resident T cell
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11
Q

List the cells of the immune system

A
  • basophil
  • eosinophil
  • neutrophil
  • monocyte
  • DC
  • lymphocyte
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12
Q

What is CD?

A

cluster of diff = mol on surface of lymphocytes that enable classification

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13
Q

Which cells have CD45+ on surface?

A
  • granulocyte, B cell, T cell, NK cell
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14
Q

List the primary lymphoid organs

A
  • thymus

- bone marrow

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15
Q

List the secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • nasopharyngeal lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • bronchial lymph nodes
  • peripheral lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • gut associated lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s patches & appendix)
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16
Q

How do primary and secondary lymphoid organs relate to one another?

A
  • cells gen in primary lymphoid organs pop secondary organs
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17
Q

Describe cell trafficking in the body

A
  • blood containing lymphocytes are pumped to skin, liver and kidney and then to peripheral lymph nodes and gut and then Peyer’s patches
  • lymphocytes then enter lymphatics via afferent lymphatic to peripheral lymph nodes mostly through high endo venules
  • leave via efferent lymphatic to thoracic duct where it rejoins heart
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18
Q

Which cells are found and not found in the lymph nodes and why?

A
  • found:
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • not found:
  • WBCs
  • neutrophils - circ blood unless specifically recruited
19
Q

List immune cells in order of abdundance per ml blood

A
  1. WBCs (4-7m)
  2. Neutrophils (2-4m)
  3. Lymphocytes (1-2m)
  4. Monocytes (0.2-0.5m)
20
Q

List the mol involved in the innate immune system

A
  • defensins
  • complement
  • chemokines
  • cytokines
21
Q

List the mol involved in the adaptive immune system

A
  • chemokines
  • cytokines
  • antibodies
  • T cell receptor
22
Q

What are defensins, their function and where are they found?

A
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • disrupt microbial cell mem
  • secreted by epi + immune cells
  • found in skin, breast milk + mucosa
23
Q

List the 3 pathways that produce complement

A
  1. Classical
  2. MB-Lectin
  3. Alternative
24
Q

What is the size and function of chemokines?

A
  • small (8-10kD)
  • attract cells along conc gradient - neutrophils sense when conc inc + follow direction
  • recruit cells to sites of inflammation
  • sep lymphocytes in tissues into zones
25
Q

What is the size and function of cytokines with examples?

A
  • small (15-20kD)
  • made by cells to activate, mod + suppress cells
  • immune-immune - act locally in env with cell to cell comm and not acting systemically
  • e.g. interferons, interleukins
26
Q

What are antibodies, what are they made by and their function?

A
  • specific binding proteins for antigen
  • made by lymphocytes after antigen exposure
  • ## varied effector functions: activate cells, complement, virus neutralisation
27
Q

What is the function of the constant and variable region of antibody?

A
  • constant region:
  • defines function
  • interacts with self mol/cells
  • variable region:
  • defines specificity
  • antigen binding
28
Q

What is T cell receptor and its function?

A
  • cell surface mol specific (every lymphocyte has its own unique receptor)
  • specific binding to antigen peptides
  • ligation delivers signal to T cell
29
Q

What diseases can the immune system cause?

A
  • asthma
  • autoimmunity
  • allergy
30
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in therapy and give an e.g?

A
  • use antibodies against other immune mediators to change behaviour of immune system
  • e.g. remicade blocks activity of tumor necrosis factor alpha which is major inflammatory mol in arthritis
31
Q

How does the immune system work against cancer?

A
  • tumor sends out stop signal which acts as mask to make it invisible to immune system
  • checkpoint inhib bind to stop signals
  • immune system sees tumor and kills it
32
Q

Briefly describe immunological memory

A

at 1st exposure, antibody response takes longer compared to 2nd exposure + get greater response

33
Q

Are most microorg pathogenic/non-pathogenic?

A
  • non-pathogenic
34
Q

List some uses of microorg

A
  • food product production
  • source of antibiotics
  • primary decomposers
  • fermentation, pickling
35
Q

What can pathogenic microorg cause?

A
  • infectious disease
  • epidemics
  • food spoilage
36
Q

What has the immune system evolved to do?

A

protect us from pathogenic microbes

37
Q

What is the miasma theory?

A

diseases caused by bad air/spirits

38
Q

What is the germ theory of disease?

A

infectious disease are caused by invasion of body by microorg + too small to be seen except through microscope

39
Q

What is microbiology?

A

Study of causative agents of infectious diseases in humans, their effects on human body + treatment

40
Q

What does microbiology involve?

A
  • virology
  • bacteriology
  • parasitology
  • mycology (study of fungi)
41
Q

Why is microbiology important?

A
  • important to understand microrog to diagnose and treat infectious disease
  • research to determine new antimicrobial drugs + clinical studies to assess effectiveness of proposed treatment protocols
42
Q

What annual cost and % of deaths do infectious diseases account for?

A
  • 7%

- £30b

43
Q

Which areas of particular public health are a concern for the UK?

A
  • emerging infections
  • nosocomial/healthcare acquired infections
  • antimicrobial resistance

IAI (8 decks)

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