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Anatomy > Intro to Main Structures of the Thorax > Flashcards

Intro to Main Structures of the Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

membrane enclosing the heart

divides into the fibrous and serous pericardium

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2
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium

A

outer
very tough and not distensible
attached inferiorly to diaphragm by pericardiophrenic ligaments
blends into adventitia of great vessels - superiorly

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3
Q

Describe the serous pericardium

A

made up of: visceral (epicardium) and parietal layer (lines fibrous pericardium)
both composed of flattened layer of epithelial cells (mesothelium)
potential space (pericardial cavity) lies between

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4
Q

What forms the anterior part of the heart?

A

mostly right ventricle

bit of left

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5
Q

What forms the inferior/diaphragmatic part of the heart?

A

mostly left ventricle

bit of right

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6
Q

What forms the posterior/base part of the heart?

A

mostly left atrium and pulmonary vein

bit of right

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7
Q

What forms the pulmonary part of the heart?

A

mostly left ventricle in cardiac notch of left lung

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8
Q

What forms the apex of the heart?

A

left ventricle, usually posterior to left ics 5 in adults

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9
Q

Superior border of the heart

A

left costal cartilage 2 to right costal cartilage 3

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10
Q

Right border of the heart

A

convex to right
right cc3 to right cc6
mainly SVC and IVC

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11
Q

Inferior border of the heart

A

lies on diaphragm central tendon
right cc6 to left ics 5
mainly right ventricle and some left

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12
Q

Left border of the heart

A

convex to left
left ics 5 back to left cc 2
mainly left ventricle and may be some left atrium

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13
Q

Valves of the heart

A 
pulmonary 
aortic
bicuspid/mitral
tricuspid
all are retrosternal and close to midline PAMT
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14
Q

Pulmonary valve location

A

medial to left cc3

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15
Q

Aortic valve location

A

medial to L ics3

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16
Q

Bicuspid valve location

A

medial to L cc4

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17
Q

Tricuspid valve location

A

medial to R ics4

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18
Q

Where is the best place to hear valves for ascultation?

A

downstream of valve positions

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19
Q

Where to hear sound of pulmonary valve and what sound?

A

left ics 2 near sternal edge

dup

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20
Q

Where to hear sound of aortic valve and what sound?

A

right ics 2 near sternal edge

dup

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21
Q

Where to hear sound of bicuspid valve and what sound?

A

left ics 5 at midclavicular line

lub

22
Q

Where to hear sound of tricuspid valve and what sound?

A

left ics 5/6 near lower sternal edge

lub

23
Q

What is the pleura?

A

a serous membrane divided into parietal and visceral layers which surround the lungs and contain the pleural cavities

24
Q

Parietal pleura

A

lines thoracic cavity lateral to mediastinum

sensory: intercostal and phrenic nerves, therfore sensitive to pain

25
Q

Visceral pleura

A

covers lung and follows lung fissures

supplied by autonomic nerve - not sensitive to pain

26
Q

What is pleuritis?

A

inflammation of the pleura
lung surfaces are rough and ‘pleural rub’ can be heard with a stethescope
leads to sharp chest pain when breathing or coughing

27
Q

Different surfaces of the lungs

A

mediastinal
diaphragmatic
costal
cervical

28
Q

Mediastinal surface

A

flat
faces mediastinum and has impressions of mediastinal structures
contains hilum and pulmonary ligament

29
Q

Diaphragmatic surface

A

concave and faces domes of diaphragm

30
Q

Costal surface

A

convex and faces ribs

31
Q

Cervical surface

A

extends into neck 2-3cm above medial third of clavicle as apex/dome/cupola

32
Q

What are pleural reflections?

A

Line where the pleura change direction from one wall of the pleural cavity to another

33
Q

When do pleural reflections occur?

A

When the costal pleura becomes continuous with the mediastinal pleura anteriorly and posteriorly and with the diaphragmatic pleura inferiorly

34
Q

Describe the outline of the visceral pleura

A

Rib 2: reflections closest at plane of eternal angle
Rib 4: parallel down to rib 4
Cc 6: left indented (cardiac notch), right continues to cc6
Rib 8: crosses here at midaxillary line
Rib 10: crosses here at lateral border of erector spinae muscle

35
Q

Describe the outline of the parietal pleura

A

Close behind rib parallel down to rib 4
Left indented (cardiac notch) but right continues down to cc 6
Rib 8 at midclavicular line
Rib 10 at midaxillary line
Rib 12 at lateral border of erector spinae muscle

36
Q

Describe the lobes of the right lung

A

3 lobes - superior, middle, inferior
Superior and middle: mainly anterior
Inferior: mainly posterior

37
Q

Describe the fissures of the right lung

A

Oblique fissure: from T2 posteriorly to rib 6 anteriorly

Horizontal fissure: from rib 4 to oblique fissure

38
Q

Describe the lobes of the left lung

A

2 lobes: superior and inferior
Superior - mainly anterior and has lingual
Inferior - mainly posterior

39
Q

Describe the fissures of the left lung

A

Oblique fissure - from T2 posteriorly to rib 6 anteriorly

40
Q

Difference between right and left bronchi

A

Right is more vertical and wider than L

41
Q

How do the main bronchi divide?

A

into secondary bronchi - supply lobes

then into tertiary bronchi - supply segments

42
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lung have?

A

10

43
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lung have?

A

9/10

44
Q

Clinical relevance of bronchopulmonary segments

A

resecting a segment is preferable to resecting a lobe when there is disease
in supine ps, fluid tends to accumulate in apical and posterior segments of the inferior lobe

45
Q

Describe the proximal aorta

A

from left ventricle

aortic arch with: 1. brachiocephalic trunk 2. left carotid artery 3. left subclavian artery

46
Q

Describe the descending aorta

A

thoracic artery wth intercostal arteries leading off

past diaphragm: abdominal aorta

47
Q

Where is the azygous system located?

A

posterior to the mediastinum

48
Q

What is the function of the azygous system?

A

drainage of the posterior thoracic wall

49
Q

Main veins of the azygous system

A

IVC, ic vein, azygous vein, SVC, left brachiocephalic vein, hemiazygous

50
Q

How to view a CT scan

A

from the feet on their back

Anatomy (9 decks)

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