intro to linguistics Flashcards
what is the belief that language is the gift of the gods to humans
the divine source
what is belief predicates that humans were created from the start with an innate capacity to use language.
the divine source
who made the experiment that concluded that the origin of language is in Phrygian?
Pharaoh Psammetichus I
the theory that believes that Primitive words are considered to be imitations of natural sounds that people hear around them.
The natural sound a bird makes is argued to have been used to describe that particular animal.
The natural sound source
The sounds of a human engaged in an activity requiring physical effort could be the source, is the theory of?
The social interaction source
The physical characteristics that other creatures don’t have that would support speech production. Those physical features enable us to utter speech sounds and ultimately speak a human language.
is the theory of?
The physical adaptation source
the belief that manual gestures of human hands may have been a precursor (originator) of language.
The tool-making source
what is the theory that believes that there must be some genes responsible for language production in the brain?
the genetic source
……………………. the scientific or systematic study of language.
a) linguistics
b) intro to linguistics
c) pragmatics
a
………….. it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human languages.
linguistics
knowing a language does not entail knowing the sounds of that language. true or false?
false, Knowing a language includes knowing the sounds of that language
……………….the scientific study of speech sounds.
a) phonology
b) phonetics
c) phonotactics
b
It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted, and received.
……………………….
phonetics
focuses on how listeners perceive the sounds of language.
a) auditory phonetics
b) acoustic phonetics
c) articulatory phonetics
a
focuses on the physical properties of the sounds of language.
a) auditory phonetics
b) acoustic phonetics
c) articulatory phonetics
b
focuses on how the speech sounds are articulated
a) auditory phonetics
b) acoustic phonetics
c) articulatory phonetics
c
a constant can be lenis( voiceless) or fortis ( voiced). true or false?
false,
Voiced (lenis)
Voiceless (fortis)
the feature of voiced/ voiceless can be determined by the position of theee tongue. true or false?
false, according to vibration of vocal folds/cords
Voiceless means the vocal cords are apart. So, when the air stream passes through them, there would be no vibration. true or false?
true
when the vocal cords are closed the constant produced is called voiceless. true or false?
false, voiced
the sounds produced are called oral when the velum is lowered. true or false?
false, it’s called nasal
There’s a closure/stricture closes the air passage in
……………..
a) fricatives
b) affricatives
c) plosives
c
the sound /P/ is described as…………….
a) voiced/bilabial/fricative
b) voiced/bilabial/stop
c) voiceless/bilabial/ stop
c
the sound /b/ is described as
…………….,………………,…………….
voiced/bilabial / plosive
the sound /t/ is described as…………..,……,………….
voiceless/alveolar/plosive
the sound /d/ is described as………,………,……….
voiced/alveolar/plosive
the sound/k/………….,………….,…………
voiceless/velar/plosive
the sound /g/ …,……..,…………..
voiced/velar/plosive
the sound/f/……………….,…………,………….
voiceless/labiodental/ fricative
the sound /v/……………..,.,,,,,,,,,,.,…………
voiced/labiodental/fricative
the sound /θ/ ……………..,……………,………..
voiceless / dental / fricative
the sound /ð/………………,………………,…………
voiced/ dental/ fricative
the sound /ʃ/ …………,…………….,…………..
voiceless/ palatal/fricative
the sound / ʒ/……………..,……………..,………..
voiced/palatal/fricative
the sound /h/ ………………,………,……………..
voiceless / glottal/ fricative
the sound / tʃ/ ………..,……………,………….
voiceless/palatal/ affricate
the sound /dʒ/ ………….,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,…………..
voiced/palatal/affiracte
the sound / n/ ………………..,………………….,………………
voiced/alveolar/nasal
the sound /m/ ……………,…………………,………………..
voiced/bilabial/ nasal
the sound /ŋ/ ……,……..,…………….
voiced/velar/nasals
the /l/ ………….,………………….,………………….
voiced/alveolar/liquids
the /r/ ……………….,……………………..,……………
voiced/ alveolar/ liquids
the sound /w/ ………….,………………….,…………………
voiced/bilabial/glides
the sound /j/ ………………….,……………………….,……………….
voiced/ palatal/glides
These are sounds formed using both (= bi) upper and lower lips (= labia). …………………
bilabial
These are sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip.
labiodental
the description of the last phoneme in the word “cough” is
voiceless/labiodental/fricative (F)
These sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth.
dental
the dental sound in words like the, there, then, and thus is θ. true or false?
false, / ð /
These are sounds formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge, which is the rough, bony ridge immediately behind and above the upper teeth.
alveolar
the sound /s/ …………………..,…………………..,…………….
voiceless/alveolar/fricative
the sound /z/ ………………,…………….,……………..
voiced/alveolar/fricative
There is only one sound that is produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth which is ………………
/h/ glottal
the manner of “stopping” of the air stream (very briefly) then letting it go abruptly…………..
plosive
the manner of blocking the air stream and having the air push through the very narrow opening……………
fricatives
If you combine a brief stopping of the air stream with an obstructed release which causes some friction, you will be able to produce………………….
affricates
the manner of articulation in the first phonemes of words like “joke” “cheap” and “jeep” is
a) fricative
b) affricate
c) plosive
b
the manner of articulation in words like “morning” and “knitting “name is ……………..
nasals
the liquids are always voiceless. true or false?
false, always voiced
the manner of articulation that is formed by letting the air stream flow around the sides of the tongue as the tip of the tongue makes contact with the middle of the alveolar ridge?
liquids
the liquids [l], [r] and glides [w], [j] are combined in one category called “……………………….”
a)vowels
b)flaps
c) approximants
c
occurs when the space between the
vocal folds (the glottis) is closed completely (very briefly), then released…………………..
glottal stop ʔ
in American speech, there is no difference between “ latter/ladder” and” metal/medal” because of the glottal stop. true or false?
false< because of the flap
vowel sounds are produced with a relatively free flow of air. true or false?
true
the position of the vowel in “bead” is “ high, front “ . true or false?
true
the position of the vowel /i/ is “low,back”. true or false?
false, “high,front”
the position of the vowel in”bid, myth, women” is “front”.true or false?
true
the vowel in “bed, dead, said” is “mid, front”. true or false?
true
the vowel /ɛ/ is “central” . true or false?
false, “front” ex”bed,dead,said”
the vowel in “ bad, laugh, wrap” are “low, front”. true or false?
true
the vowels in “ above, oven, support” are central. true or false?
true
the vowel / ʌ / is back vowels. true or false?
false, central “butt,blood,tough”
the vowels in “boo,two” are “high,back”. true or false?
true
the vowel /ʊ/ is “high, front”. true or false?
false, “high,back” ex “book,could,put”
the vowel / ɔ / is a front vowel. true or false?
false, back vowels ex”born, caught, fall, raw”
the vowel /a/ is a back vowel. true or false?
true ex”bob,cot,swan”
the movement in the vowel /aI/ is from high to low vowel. true or false?
false, low to high ex “ hi,bye”
the dipthong in the words “buy,eye,i,my,pie” is…………….
a) /aI/
b) /aʊ/
c) /eI/
d) /oʊ/
a
the diphthong in words like “bough, doubt, cow” is…………..
a) /aI/
b) /aʊ/
c) /eI/
d) /oʊ/
b
the diphthongs in “bait, eight, great, late, say” is
a) /aI/
b) /aʊ/
c) /eI/
d) /oʊ/
c
the diphthongs in “boat, home, throw, toe” is…………..
a) /aI/
b) /aʊ/
c) /eI/
d) /oʊ/
d
the diphthongs in ‘boy, noise” is ……………..
a) /aI/
b) /aʊ/
c) /eI/
d) /ɔI/
d
the “dark” L comes before vowels and /j/. true or false?
false, the clear L
‘dark’ /l/ occurs before consonants and in word-final position e.g. help, almost, tell
TRUE OR FALSE?
true
the clear L is with the front part of the tongue toward the soft palate. true or false?
true
in case of the dark /l/ the back part of the tongue is raised. true or false?
true
The sound is made by raising the center of the tongue towards the soft palate……………………..
a) /r/
b) /w/
c) /j/
c (palatal semi-vowel)
consonants that are midway (in the middle) between a consonant and a vowel……………………
approximants /glides/semi-vowels
ex:/r/ /w/ /j/
………………is known as a Labio-velar (bilabial) semi-vowel
/w/
/r/ sound is similar to /j/ sound but the lips are rounded. The tongue is raised slightly more to the direction of the soft palate (velum). true or false?
/w/ sound
…………………is made when the tip of the tongue is held close to the place after the alveolar ridge (but not touching).
/r/
……………..is known as a
Post-alveolar Approximant
/r/
/r/ is not pronounced if it’s followed by a vowel. true or false?
false, It is pronounced if it is followed by a vowel
E.g. red, arrive, hearing
/r/ is not pronounced at the end of words (with some accents) and when it is followed by a consonant. true or false?
true e.g car, ever, here, hard, verse
lax vowels are also known as short vowels. true or false?
true
tense vowels are also know as short vowels. true or false
false, long
to describe vowels we indicate raising or lowering the body of the tongue toward the roof of the mouth (the palate) as the ……………….
height
to describe vowels we indicate advancing or retracting the body of the tongue forward toward the teeth or backward toward the back of the throat. as the………………..
backness/frontness
to describe vowels we indicate rounding or not rounding the lips.
as the………………..
roundness
to describe vowels we indicate making these movements with a tense or lax gesture in the lips or tongue as the………………..
tenseness
If you repeat to yourself the vowel sounds in seat, set, sat, you will find that you open your mouth a little wider as you change from each sound.
true or false?
true
the vowels in “bee,bed,cat” are back vowels. true or false?
false, front vowels
the vowels in “You,” “Show,” and “Father” are back vowels. true or false?
true
the tongue can also be pushed forward or pulled back within the oral cavity. which is called ……………….
tongue advancment
Vowel quality also depends on lip position. When you say two, your lips are unrounded.
For tea, however, they are rounded. true or false?
false
two ——> rounded
tea—————-> unrounded
when the difference in pronouncing the vowel is in the the tension of the tongue muscle it is called………………
tenseness
tense vowels are usually higher and longer than lax ones. true or false?
true
the vowel in “cream,seen,sea,see” is
a)short,low,back,rounded vowel
b) long,high,front, spread vowel
c) long,high,back, spread vowel
b
the vowel in “ bit,sillly,pin,sit is
……………….., ……., ……………………..,……………..
short,high,front,spread vowel
the vowel /e/ as in “bet,head,get,beg” is
…………., ……………, ………….. ,. ……………
short,mid,front,spread vowel
‘MONO’ in greek means …………………
one
……………………shows that a vowel is spoken with exactly one tone and one mouth position.
monophthong
…………………..is a vowel that a person has to move his or her mouth into two different positions.
diphthong
……………….a field of linguistics which studies the general rules/systems that govern sounds.
a) phonetics
b) phonology
b
speech-sounds are often called
a)phonemes
b)allophones
c) phones
c
phones are usually divided up into two categories: …………………… and ……………………..
phonemes- allophones
…………………….one of the set of speech sounds that serve to distinguish one word from another.
phonemes
……………………………..are the variations of a phoneme
allophones
a prefix that means ‘different “ or “various ……………………
ALLO
phonemes function ……………..
a)simultaneously
b)conversely
c)conventionally
d)contrastively
d
allophones are written in slashes, while phonemes are written in brackets. true or false?
false, the opposite
we test phonemes using allophones. true or false?
false, using minimal pairs
When two words are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme occurring in the same position………………
minimal pair
“bat/fat” “bat/bet” are both example of …………….
minimal pairs
minimal pair do not need to have different meaning. true or false?
false, they must
minimal pairs need to be in the same position. true or false?
true
The rules that determine the possible onsets or codas are called……………………………
phonotactics
“tactics” in “phonotactics” refer to ………….
a) strategy
b) number
c) restrictions
c
no English word can start with [mb]. true or false?
true
English words can start with /ŋ/. true or false?
false,
a syllable must contain a consonant. true or false?
false, vowel
syllable which end in a vowel are called…………….
open syllables
syllables which end in a coda are called …………………….
closed syllables
words like “eye ,or ,ear,air,a “ only have…………………..
nucleus
………………..The study of the origin and history of a word.
a) coinage
b) etymology
c) entomology
b
one of the least common processes of word formation is ………………..
a) coinage
b) borrowing
c)compounding
a
, the invention of totally new terms, typically trade names…………..
a) eponyms
b) compounding
c) coinage
c
when trade names are used as coinage they usually written with capital letters. true or false?
false
all of these are examples of coinage except ………..
a) sandwich b)volt c) kleenex d) teflon e) xerox
a/b (eponyms)
The most salient contemporary example of coinage is the word …………….
, one of the most common sources of new words in English is the process …………………..
a) borrowing
b) compounding
c) coinage
a
the taking over of words from other languages. ……………..
borrowing
the word dope was borrowed from…………..
dutch
the word croissant was borrowed from…………….
french
the word lilac was borrowed from …………….
Persian
the word piano was borrowed from
Italian
the word pretzel was borrowed from
german
the word sofa was borrowed from
arabic
the word tattoo was borrowed from
tahitian
the word tycoon was borrowed from
japanese
the word yogurt was borrowed from
turkish
the word zebra was borrowed from
bantu
the word “lehnwort” in german is an eample of………………
compounding
the process of compounding is very common in spanish and French. true or false?
false, in English and German
accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word…………….
a) compounding
b)clipping
c)blending
c
“brunch” , “motel” ,” telecast”, “bit “ are all examples of …………………
blending
fax is an example of blending. true or false?
false, clipping
when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form…………………….
clipping
clipping usually begins with formal speech. true or false?
false, casual
In this process, a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then -y or -ie is added to the end. …………………………
a) hypocrisy
b)hypervigilant
c)hypocorisms
d)hypomania
c
“movie, barbie, telly, brekky, hankie” are all examples of …………………………
hypocorisms
when word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a
verb). …………………..
backformation
which word came first babysit or babysitter ?
babysitter
the word “opt is a backformation from………………
option
the difference between conversion and backformation is that conversion is without any reduction. true or false?
true
“guess, must , spy “ are nouns wich converted into verbs . true or false?
false, verbs to nouns
” wannabe” is a type of
a) blending
b) compounding
c) conversion
d) clipping
c ) from verb “ want to be “
“carpool, mastermind, microwave, quarterback , ball-park “ are all words with two word formation processes……..
a) backformation , compounding
b) conversion , compounding
c) backformation , blending
d) conversion , clipping
b ) from noun to verb
the most common word- formation process to be found in the production of new English words. ……….
a) derivation
b0compounding
c) blending
a
The process of describing the structure of phrases and sentences in such a way that we account for all the grammatical sequences in a language and rule out all the ungrammatical sequences is called ………………………
grammar
traditional grammar is the grammar of Latin and Greek. true or false?
true
the most widespread and elaborate grammar and is widely used in language teaching……………
traditional/pedagogical/ educational grammar
traditional grammar is used to describe parts of speech. true or false?
true
words like “a , an, the “ which are used to classify or identify things are called………………
articles
the words “yesterday , very , really” are types of ……………..
adverbs
words like “ at , in , on , with ,near, with , without “ are types of
preposition
words like(and, but, because, when) are types of …………..
conjunctions
categories, including “number,” “person,” “tense,” “voice” and “gender.” are usually discussed in terms of ………………………..
agreement
he, she, it is a …………………….. person singular
third
grammatical gender is tied to sex. true or false?
false
Spanish has three genders. true or false?
false, german
You must not split an infinitive.
You must not end a sentence with a preposition
are kinds of …………………………….. approach
prescriptive
structural analysis is a type of prescriptive approach. true or false?
false, descriptive
the constituent analysis uses test frames. true or false?
false, structural analysis
The technique employed in this approach is designed to show how small constituents (or components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents.
a) prescriptive approach
b) structural anaiysis
c) constituent analysis
c
When we concentrate on the structure and order of components within a sentence, we are studying the grammar of a sentence. true or false?
false, syntax
the goal of syntactic analysis, which is to have a small and finite (i.e. limited) set of rules that will be capable of producing a large and potentially infinite (i.e. unlimited) number of well-formed structures. true or false?
true
generate grammar is a limited set of rules that are used to generate structure. true or false?
true
the distinguish between active and passive sentences in on the deep structural level. true or false?
false, surface structural
This other “underlying” level, where the basic components (Noun Phrase + Verb + Noun Phrase) shared by the two sentences can be represented, is called …………………………………
deep structural
the grammar must be capable of showing how a single underlying abstract representation can become different surface structures. true or false?
true
“Annie bumped into a man with an umbrella. “
is an example of ……………………….
structural ambiguity
Rules can be applied more than once in generating (producing) sentences is
…………………………….
recursion
……………………….as sequences of sounds that can be represented in the phonetic alphabet and described in terms of their features.
linguistic expression
the “ y” in “ the lucy boys” is described morphologically as ……………….
derivational
the “s” in “the lucky boys” is described morphologically as …………………………
inflectional
natural gender is used in traditional grammar. true or false?
true
natural gender is based on (masculine /feminine) while grammatical gender is based on (male/female). true or false?
false, the opposite
in grammatical gender, nouns are classified according to their gender class. true or false?
true
It involves labelling the grammatical categories in sentences ( traditional grammar)
a) prescriptive
b) descriptive approach
a
…………………………………………..is to divide sentences into successive layers, or constituents, until, in the final layer, each constituent consists of only a word or meaningful part of a word
constituent analysis
in Scottish Gaelic verbs come first in a sentence. true or false?
true
in Scottish Gaelic adj comes before nouns. true or false?
false, after
syntax is about how words are inflected, conjugated, declined according to aspect, degree, gender, number, person, tense, etc. true or false?
false, grammar
……………………..is roughly about word order. It is the grammar of sentence construction.
syntax
“sema” in greek means?
sign
The study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. …………………………..
semantic
semantic meaning likes to account for subjective or local meaning. true or false?
false, objective and general meaning only
words as containers of meaning are called pragmatic features. true or false?
false, semantic features
“The hamburger ate the man.”
“My cat studies linguistics.”
“The table listens to the radio.”
those sentences are syntactically wrong. true or false?
false, Syntactically correct sentences but semantically odd.
