contrastive analysis 🅰🉐🆎㊙㊗💮🈹 Flashcards
F46r8what are the three basic CA assumptions:
1- …………………………………………………………
2-………………………………………………………….
3-………………………………………………………….
(1) the main difficulties in learning or using a new language are caused by interference from the first language
(2) these difficulties can be predicted by contrastive analysis
(3)teaching materials can benefit from contrastive analysis, which provides insight into how the effects of L1 interference can be reduced.
linguistics is concerned directly with learning and not the formal properties of language. true or false?
false, linguistics is concerned with the formal properties of language and not directly with learning,
……………….. is the psychological hypothesis that the learning of task A will affect the subsequent learning of task B.
Transfer
what is the psychological foundation of CA?
transfer theory
“individuals tend to transfer………………………….. and the ………………………………………………… of their native language and culture to the foreign language
and culture”
forms and meanings, the distribution of forms and meanings
what are the two types of transfer?
1- positive transfer ( facilitation)
2- negative transfer ( interference)
………………….is transfer which helps or facilitates language learning in another later
situation,
positive transfer
positive transfer may occur when both the native language and the target language have the same……………..
form
………………….is one that interferes with language learning in another later situation. Specifically, it refers to the use of a native-language pattern or rule which
leads to an error or inappropriate form in the target language.
negative transfer
How would a Chinese person learning English interpret those two words (brown bread and black tea), and why?
*black bread and *red tea, because they have lexico-semantic structures different from their Chinese counterparts. aka negative transfer
the strong version of CA hypothesis claims diagnostic power, while the weak version claims predictive power.
true or false?
false, the strong
version claims predictive power while the weak version, less ambitiously, claims merely to have diagnostic power,
Wardhaugh favors the strong version of CA hypothesis.
true or false?
false, weak
Since the weak version of CA hypothesis is not so tenable, we hold the view that contrastive analysis is always………………
predictive
that the job of diagnosis belongs to the field of ……………..
a) linguistics
b) contrastive linguistics
c) error analysis
c) error analysis
what are the two bases of prediction in CA?
1-……………………………………………………………..
2-……………………………………………………………..
1- generalizing from observed instances,
2- predict one phenomenon on the basis of observation of some other phenomenon.
error analyst chose the deductive or predicting method. true or false?
false, they chose (the inductive) or the method of generalizing from observed instances
The contrastivist prefers to predict the learner’s behavior by resorting to the deductive method.
true or false?
true
CA can predict ALL the errors that students make in their L2 language. true or false?
FALSE, There are, of course, limitations on the number of learner errors that contrastive analyses can predict, limitations stemming from the fact that not all errors are the result of L1 interference
CA can predict between………. and ………….. of learners errors that are the result of L1-L2 mismatch.
a) quarter-third
b) third- half
c) third - two thirds
b) third- half
the errors in the L2 that are caused due to L1 interference are called intralingual errors.
true or false?
false, interlingual errors
CA cannot predict the other half or more of learner errors, which are caused by insufficient command of L2 (i.e. intralingual errors. true or false?
true
It can be seen that applied CA is bidirectional or multidirectional whereas theoretical CA is unidirectional. true or false?
false.
applied CA—-> unidirectional.
theoretical CA—–> bidirectional or multidirectional.
………………….is concerned with the universal categories or universal features (X) that are common to all languages or at least to the pair of languages being
compared.
Theoretical contrastive analysis
……………………….tries to find suitable models and theoretical frameworks for comparison and to establish such key notions as congruence, similarity, and equivalence between the forms of different languages.
Theoretical contrastive analysis
………………….has as its objective the application of the findings of theoretical contrastive analysis to the contrasting of two or more languages for certain practical purposes, notably L2 teaching and learning,
translation, bilingual lexicography.
Applied contrastive analysis
If such corresponding elements do not exist in B, Xb is said to have taken the…………………….
zero form (often represented by “Ø”).
Chinese does not have ways to distinguish definite reference from indefinite reference. true or false?
false, Chinese, and are at least partially represented by such syntactic devices as word order. For instance, definite noun phrases usually appear before the verb while indefinite noun phrases are usually placed after the verb,
In Chinese, for instance, definite noun phrases usually appear after the verb while indefinite noun phrases are usually placed before the verb. true or false?
false, before- after.
comparison, there exists the danger that the contrastivist may overlook the X (the universal category)underlying them. Since in the one-way traffic of applied contrasts, only Xa and Xb are set in
comparison. true or false?
true
We call this background of sameness the ……………and the differences the…………………..
constants-variables
the constant has of contrastive linguistics traditionally been known as the…………………………..
tertium comparationis or TC for short.
Over the years three candidates have been proposed for the TC by which grammatical CA can be carried out. They are:
1-……………………………….
2-……………………………….
3-………………………………..
1- the surface structure
2- the deep structure
3-translation equivalence
……………………………..is the syntactic structure of the sentence in which a person speaks, hears, reads, or writes. In other words, it is the actually observed structure of a sentence.
The surface structure
e.g The newspaper was not delivered today.
………………………..is much more abstract and is considered to be there in the speaker’s, writer’s, hearer’s, or reader’s mind.
The deep structure
e.g.(NEGATIVE) someone (PAST TENSE) deliver the newspaper today (PASSIVE).
the deep structure seems to be a convenient TC for grammatical CA. true or false?
false, the surface structure
Most of the contrastive analyses ever conducted have taken surface structure categories as the TC. true or false?
true, there is no denying that it is surface structures that L2 learners are confronted with and that they have to master in order to communicate.
in contrastive analysis, what is correspondent formally always corresponds pragmatically. true or false?
false , does not always
e.g.What is comparable to English past tense in French is not passé simple as it has very limited use, but French passé composé.
using the surface structure as the TC leads to interlingual equations that are superficial and insignificant. true or false?
true.
…………………….is one of the most fundamental and innovative conceptions in generative linguistics
the deep structure
a postulated deep structure will help to simplify
the statement of semantic rules. true or false?
true,
1a) To find the fossils of a dinosaur is exciting.
b) It is exciting to find the fossils of a dinosaur.
these two sentences:
have different deep structures, but the same superficial structures. true or false?
false, the same deep structure, and different superficial structures.
3a) John is easy to please.
b) John is eager to please.
do these two sentences share the same deep structures? and why?
no, because the logical subject in the first one is “somebody”.
while the logical subject in the second one is “john”
Sentences can be judged to be synonymous or intralingual paraphrases of each other when and only when they have the same…………………….
deep structure
A transformation named………………………will move the subject to the end of the sentence, putting at its original position a “dummy” subject (it).
“EXTRAPOSITION”
The deep structure helps to simplify the statement of syntactic rules, too. true or false?
true.
“For Mary to sing the song was hard.” by applying an extraposition to this sentence we get:
a) The song was hard for Mary to sing.
b)It was hard for Mary to sing the song.
b)It was hard for Mary to sing the song.
“For Mary to sing the song was hard.” by applying an object raising to this sentence we get:
a)It was hard for Mary to sing the song.
b) Mary was hard to sing the song.
c) The song was hard for Mary to sing.
c) The song was hard for Mary to sing.
interlingual paraphrases having the same ideational content, are likewise derived from a common deep structure. true or false?
True.
that the idea of intralingual paraphrase
implies that the deep structure is language-independent, while that of interlingual
paraphrase implies that it is language-specific. true or false?
false,
that the idea of intralingual paraphrase
implies that the deep structure is language-specific, while that of interlingual paraphrase implies that it is language-independent,
deep structure can be used as a yardstick by which the degrees of difference or equivalence between languages can be measured. true or false?
true
Le facteur a ouvert la porte.
The door was opened by the postman.
are those two sentences communicatively or pragmatically equivalent? and why?
No,
1- The contexts where the first is used in French are not the same as contexts where the second is used in English.
if a Chinese kid is asked Didn’t you go to school today? and he did indeed go, what will his answer be?
a) yes
b) no
b) no
what kind of meaning does the deep structure convey?
a) propositional meaning (“ideational meaning”)
b) “interpersonal meaning”
c) “textual meaning”
a) propositional meaning (“ideational meaning”)
……………………..the relationship between verbal signs and entities/processes in the world which they refer to or describe),
referential meaning RM
……………………the relationship between verbal signs and their users, including identificational, expressive, associative, social or interpersonal, and imperative or vocative meanings.
pragmatic meaning PM
……………………..the relationship between verbal signs themselves, including phonetic and phonological meanings, graphemic meaning, morphological/lexemic meaning, syntactic meaning, and discoursal/textual
meaning).
intralingual meaning IM
there are at At least five essential elements in communication:
1- ……………….(the message transmitted),
2- ……………….(the system of symbols with which the message is processed and sent out)
3-……………….(the encoder of the message)
4-……………….(the decoder of the message)
5-……………….(the way or settings in which the message is conveyed from the Sender to the Receiver).
the topic
the code
the sender
the receiver
the channel of contact
…………is a class of linguistic items, e.g. phonemes
type
…………….) is an example or a physical manifestation of a class.
token
hello, hi, and good morning are three different types of text or discourse tokens. true or false?
false,hello, hi, good morning are three different tokens of the text or discourse type
………………..studies human speech sounds in general, that is, the type of speech sounds
phonetics
……………………studies the specific speech sounds as employed in different languages, i.e. the tokens of human speech sounds.
phonology
Phonetics is not concerned in any way with the meaning connected to speech sounds, but phonology is. true or false?
true.
can contrastive phonetics be made before or independent of contrastive phonology? how?
yes, by taking as the criterion for comparison the articulatory grid employed in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Chart .
the world’s languages do tend to employ sounds produced by an unlimited number of combinations of articulatory features. true or false?
false, limited
the human vocal apparatus
is physiologically uniform throughout the world. true or false?
true.
, contrastive phonology compares the physiological and physical properties of speech sounds while contrastive phonetics compares the functions of speech sounds. true or false?
false
the physiological reality of sound represent what branch of phonetics?
a)articulatory phonetics
b)acoustic phonetics
c)auditory phonetics.
a)articulatory phonetics
the physical reality of sound represents what branch of phonetics?
a)articulatory phonetics
b)acoustic phonetics
c)auditory phonetics.
b)acoustic phonetics
the psychological reality of sound represents what branch of phonetics?
a)articulatory phonetics
b)acoustic phonetics
c)auditory phonetics.
c)auditory phonetics.
They alternately raise (expands) and lower (contracts) a person’s rib cage
a) chest muscles
b) diaphragm
c) lungs
d) larynx
chest muscles
……………..the large muscular membranous partition between one’s lungs and stomach that helps one breathe
the diaphragm
…………………the primary engine of a voice production process.
a) chest muscles
b) diaphragm
c) lungs
d) larynx
a) chest muscles
……………….is the principal muscle of respiration.
a) chest muscles
b) diaphragm
c) lungs
d) larynx
b) diaphragm
……………….Each of the pair of organs situated within the rib cage, consists of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed
the lungs
The part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx
and the trachea has cartilage and muscle walls, forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals.
a) chest muscles
b) larynx
d) larynx
………………….is called the “voice box.”
the larynx
…………Folds of membranous tissue project inwards from the sides of the larynx to form a slit across the glottis in the throat.
a) chest muscles
b) diaphragm
c) lungs
d) vocal cords
d) vocal cords
The vocal cords are shorter and thinner in………………..,………………….
women and children to account for their high-pitched voices
…………………..The space between the vocal cords. It affects voice modulation
through expansion or contraction.
a) glottis
b) pharynx
c) epiglottis
a) glottis
For ordinary breathing, the vocal cords are pressed lightly together. true or false?
FALSE, For ordinary breathing the vocal cords are relaxed and widely separated.
For voiced sounds, including all vowels and some consonants, such as the initial sounds of bin, zip and this, the vocal cords are pressed lightly together, the air forced between them produces vibration and thus voice. true or false?
true
the H in the word hat is a type of?
glottal
pharynx is the greek word for?
throat
……………..The membrane-lined cavity at the back of the nose and mouth, where the passages to the nose and to the mouth connect with the throat. It is the passageway for both food and air.
a) glottis
b) pharynx
c) epiglottis
b) pharynx
………………A flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.
a) glottis
b) pharynx
c) epiglottis
c) epiglottis
…………………….A fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate which hangs above the throat. Its chief function so far as most speakers of English are concerned seems to be to get red and inflamed when one gets a “sore throat,”
uvula
…………………..The fleshy, flexible part towards the back of the roof of the mouth. Acts as a valve for the production or suppression of nasality
a)* soft palate (velum)
b) * hard palate
c) * tongue
soft palate
The bony front part of the roof of the mouth. Involved in producing palatals (a speech sound made by placing the blade of the tongue against or near the hard palate, e.g. y in yes).
a)* soft palate (velum)
b) * hard palate
c) * tongue
b) * hard palate
………………………): The most flexible and most frequently used vocal organ for modulating speech sounds. Involved in the production of many vowels and consonants.
a)* soft palate (velum)
b) * hard palate
c) * tongue
c) * tongue
The ridgelike border of the upper and lower jaws con- taining the sockets of the teeth, involved in producing alveolars e.g. n, s, d, t).
a) alveolar ridge
b) teeth
c) lips
a) alveolar ridge
………………Involved in producing labiodentals
teeth
………..Involved in producing bilabials
lips
the relationships between signs and their
users……..
a)semantics
b) pragmatics
b
Pragmatics is
concerned with how language and ……………… interact to achieve the interpretation of a
………………………….
context/ discourse
syntax studies propositions. true or false?
f, semantics
syntax studies linguistic acts. true or false?
false, pragmatics
pragmatic CA can be
carried out along two dimensions: the analysis of speech acts and
the analysis of conversational interaction. true or false?
true
speech act theory is the applied basis of pragmatics. true or false?
false, theoretical basis
pragmatics was formulated by john austin (1911-1960. true or false?
true
an utterance or sentence used as a functional unit in an communicative event………………………….
speech act
speech acts have two meanings . …………………………………………………., ………………………………………………..
propositional meaning
illocu-
tionary force
“I apologize …,” “I promise …,” “I will
(at a wedding),” or “I name this ship …,” are all examples of constatives. t or f ?
f, performatives ,do not communicate information, but are
equivalent to actions.
statements that convey information are called………………………
constatives
performatives can be correct or uncorrect. t or f?
f, performatives are neither true or false. If A says “I name this …” B
cannot then say “That’s not true!”
performatives can be deemed “felicitous” or
“infelicitous” according to a set of conditions.
felicitous here means correct or incorrect. t or f ?
f , appropriate or inappropriate
the bare fact that a communicative act takes place…………………………
locutionary acts
the basic referential meaning of an utterance made by a (speaker).
locutionary acts
propositional meaning is another word for illocutionary meaning. t or f?
f, loctionary
that the illocutionary force of an utterance and its perlocutionary effect always coincide. t or f?
f, If somebody warns you against a particular
course of action, e.g. you may or may not heed his or her warning.
“It’s hot in here” is a direct speech act. true or false?
false, indirect
betting, promising,
welcoming, and warning: these, known as……………………………………
illocutionary acts
there are six basic illocutionary acts. t or f?
f, five
The speaker is committed, in varying
degrees, to the truth of a proposition. this speech act is ……………………………………………..
representative
(affirm, believe, conclude, deny, report,) are examples of …………………………………illocutionary acts.
representative
The speaker tries to get the hearer to do
something is an example of …………………..illocutionary acts
directive
( ask and request) are types of ………………………………………………illocutionary acts
directives
The speaker is committed, in varying
degrees, to a certain course of action…………………………………..
commisive
guarantee) is an …………………………… act
commissive
The speaker expresses an attitude about
a state of affairs……………………………………….
expressive
The speaker expresses an attitude about
a state of affairs…………………………………
expressive
(apologize, deplore, congratulate, thank, welcome,) are all acts of …………………………….
expressives
The speaker alters the external status or
condition of an object or situation solely by making the utterance………………………………………………………………..
decleration
Speech acts are successful only if they satisfy several criteria, known
as “felicity conditions.” t or f ?
t
are the conditions which must be fulfilled for a speech act to be satisfactorily performed or actualized………………………
felicity conddition
“preparatory” conditions.,the correct manner:, and the “sincerity” conditions are all conditions of ……………..
felicity
Felicity conditions may be language- or culture-specific. t or f ?
t,
For example, in an Islamic country, a husband may
get divorced from his wife by declaring orally three times that he divorces her. In
Chinese or Anglo-American societies, a husband can never obtain a divorce by just
performing the illocutionary act of saying to his wife
unilateral means ……………………
a) military b) contextually c) on-sided
b)uni-sided
c
consists of
“choices from a limited set of stereotyped phrases of greeting, parting, common-
place remarks about the weather, and small talk”. …………………………………………………………………………………..
Phatic communion or phatic communication
phatic communion or phatic communication is often dexical or deictic. t or f ?
f, indexical
phatic communication is narrowly specific to the time and place of the utterance”. t or f ?
true
Opening is an exchange typically consisting of 2-3 turns definition) in English and of 3-4 turns in German. true or false?
false, 3-4 , 2-3
there are three types of turns ……………………..,…….,…………………………………,
opening, responding, closing
turns are organized into…………………
moves
That’s right, Tommy, and can you give us some examples?
how many moves in the previous turn
two
is a talk-task that the
speaker and the hearer are co-operating over, having reached some tacit agreement
on the goal of their talk.
a) turn
b)move
c)exchange
b
……………………….is a relatively complete interaction. It consists of one or more moves plus a closing.
talk exchange
the first part of an adjacency pair is said to have………………………………………..
“transition-relevance” to the second,
……………is an opening move in a talk,
discussion, etc. It is usually a remark intended to open a conversation.
gambit
Two familiar gambits are ……………………………., ……………………
pick-up, downtoner
………………………….occurs when the hearer repeats part of what has been said to
him.
pick-up gambit
………….its function is to attenuate the force of the speech act.
downtoner gambit
phatic communication is only used to open conversation . true or false?
false, and to close them also.
The function of polite closing is to ensure
easy resumption. true or false?
true
there are ……….. strategies employed in closings in English:
six
In any conversation only certain kinds of “move” are possible at any
particular time because of the constraints that operate to govern talk exchanges. t or f ?
t
………………………………is
meaning implied by a speaker who infringes upon the conversational maxims but
whose hearers, still assuming that he complies with them, are capable of deducing
what he is talking about.
conversation implicature
