glossary (part 1 part2) Flashcards
……….A pair of utterances in conversation of which the second is a conventional response to the first, e.g. question/ answer.
a) anaphora
b) cataphora
c) adjacency pair
c) adjacency pair
The convergence of two grammatical structures into one to create a double meaning…………..
a) ambiguity
b) collocation
c) adjacency pair
a) ambiguity
The use of a term as a pro-form to make a textual connection to something previously referred to………
a) anaphora
b) cataphora
a) anaphora
Related to context in a conventionally accepted way. Knowing whether and to what extent an expression is appropriate to context ………..
a) possibility
b) appropriate
c) frequency
a) appropriate
………………..cataphoric reference it refers to what comes later, e.g. When he arrived, the Prime Minister …
a) anaphoric
b) cataphoric
a) cataphoric
………….The interpretation of a text so that it makes sense. A feature of discourse
a) coherence
b) cohesion
c) concordance
a) coherence
The linking together of parts of a text by means of proforms of various kinds. ………
a) coherence
b) cohesion
b) cohesion
The co-occurrence of words in text, e.g. the word unforeseen regularly collocates with the word circumstances; the word dense collocates with fog but not with soup………….
a) cohesion
b) concordance
c) constituent
d) collocation
d) collocation
……….The rheme interpreted as what P1 wants to say on a topic.
a) comment
b) subject
a) comment
the knowledge of what constitutes the communicative use of language and which enables users to make judgements about how far a particular use is possible, feasible, appropriate, and perform……………….
a) linguistic competence
b) communicative competence
b) communicative competence
The display of the different co-texts of occurrence of particular words, typically the result of the computer analysis of a corpus………………..
concordance
…………..A component part of the sentence as identified by grammatical analysis.
a) collocation
b) concordance
c) costituent
c) costituent
…………Aspects of extra-linguistic reality that are taken to be relevant to communication.
a) co-text
b) context
b) context
……………….Meaning that is not explicitly expressed but implied by the violation of the co-operative principle.
a) conversational implicature
b) convention implicature
a) conversational implicature
The instinctive need for people to make contact and co-operate with others…………………..
co-operative implicature
a shared assumption by the parties in a conversation that they will co-operate with each other for the purpose of their talk by keeping to certain conventional maxims…………………
co-operative principle
A collection, often on a very large scale, of actually occurring textual data, electronically stored and analysable by computer program…………..
a) concordance
b) concord
c) corpus
c) corpus
The internal linkage of linguistic elements within a text. ……………..
co-text
……………….The internal relations that linguistic elements contract with each other within a text.
a0 context relation
b) co-textual relations
b) co-textual relations
………………………….A socio-politically motivated approach to the study of language in use that generally assigns ideological significance to texts on the basis of their linguistic features.
CDA critical discourse analysis
Knowledge that can be made explicit and talked about. ………………….
a) expressive knowledge
b) declarative language
b) declarative language
………………..The semantic meaning of words encoded in a language.
a) denotation
b) connotation
a) denotation
a mode of social practice: a set
of socio-cultural conventions for conceiving of reality in certain ways and controlling it…………………….
Discourse as a CDA concept
………………A group of people who subscribe to the conventions that define a particular kind of language use or genre.
discourse community
………………………..Conventions that have established what aspects of reality are encoded by what linguistic forms in a particular language.
encoding convention
………………….A frequently recurring collocation of relatively fixed sequence and form. Some such phrases are completely fixed
a) collocation
b) formulaic langugae
b) formulaic lanhguage
………………….A frequently recurring collocation of relatively fixed sequence and form. Some such phrases are completely fixed
a) collocation
b) formulaic langugae
b) formulaic lanhguage
………………A familiar representation of reality.
a frame of reference
………….A use of language which conforms to certain schematic and textual conventions, as agreed by a particular discourse community.
a) form
b) convention
c) genre
c
formedness Conformity to the established and accepted rules of grammar. ………………….
a0 appropriateness
b) grammatical well-formedness
b
…………….A mental construct of reality or frame of reference which represents a customary and predictable way of seeing things.
a) interpersonal schema
b) ideational schema
c) schematic knowledge
b) ideational schema
What is done when something is said. The use of language to perform a recognized act of communication……………………….
a) lectionary act
b) illocutionary act
c) perlocutionary act
b
……………….Procedures for managing spoken interaction that are established as customary in a particular community.
a) ideational routines
b) interpersonal routines
b
………………..A separate unit of meaning, usually, but not necessarily, corresponding with a word.
a) semantic unit
b) lexical unit
b
The knowledge of a language as a formal system, of what is linguistically encoded-a knowledge……………….
a) communicative competence
b) linguistic competence
b
The combination and complex interplay of verbal text with visual and aural means of signifying in different kinds of communication………………
a) multimodality
b) paralinguistics
c) paralanguage
a
Non-linguistic ways of signalling meaning that accompany and act upon the verbal text, e.g. gesture, facial expression, ‘tone of voice’ in speech, the size and placement of print in written language use………………………..
paralanguage
Actually produced language behaviour. ……….
a) possibility
b) frequency
c) feasibility
d) performed
d
The effect that a particular illocutionary act has on the second-person receiver………………….
perlocutionary effect
……………The attitude or point of view taken up by P1 in producing a text, or by P2 in interpreting it.
a) convention
b) position
c) perlocutionary
b) position
a knowledge of how to do something without being able to explain it. ………………………
a) procedural knowledge
b) pragmatic knowledge
a) procedural knowledge
…………………..A linguistic form that stands in for another expression in a text by copying some of its semantic features.
a) anaphor
b) cataphor
c) pro-form
c
…………………….What is referred to in an utterance
a) PRAGMATIC meaning
b) semantic meaning
c) proposition
c
………………..The extent to which the occurrence of a word is distributed across different domains of use and kinds of text.
a) frequency
b) range
b
……….The use of language to talk about things in context. A pragmatic function.
a) reference
b) dentation
a
………………..A mental construct of taken-for-granted assumptions about how reality is ordered (ideational schemata) and how communication is managed (interpersonal schemata).
a) schema
b) intersection
c) ideational meaning
a
…………..Knowledge of the schemata that are operative within a particular community of language users.
schematic knowledge
………………..Element of meaning encoded within a lexical item.
semantic feature ,, e.g. woman encodes the features female/human/singular
……………………….Meaning that is linguistically encoded in the lexis and grammar of a language.
a) pragmatic meaning
b) syntax
c) semantic meaning
c
…………………..Meaning that extends from one word in a collocation to another,
semantic prosody, the word cause usually collocates with words denoting unpleasant things like difficulty, distress, trouble, and so on, and is therefore said to have a negative semantic prosody.
Conversely, bring about, which collocates frequently with words like improvement, solution, success, and so on, is said to have a positive semantic prosody.
……………….A unit of grammatical analysis usually consisting of a noun phrase and a verb phrase.
a) sentence
b) utterance
c) proposition
a
……………………..Familiar and routine kinds of language use, e.g. an interview, a lecture, a service encounter.
a) speech acts
b) speech events
b
…………………Knowledge of a language as an encoded system, of what in Hymes’ terms is possible in a language.
a) schematic knowledge.
b) systemic language.
b
…………………….Terms used by P1 to address P2, e.g. Mr President, Your honour, the pronoun you.
a) terms of reference
b) terms of address
b
……………………..Terms used by P1 to refer to a third person, e.g. The President, His honour, the pronouns he/she/they.
a) terms of reference
b) terms of address
a) terms of reference
……………………….The instinctive need of people to secure and protect their own space.
a) territorial imperative
b) co-operate imperative
a
……………….The language produced by P1 in the communication process. The linguistic trace in speech or writing of P1’s intended discourse.
TEXt
……………………..To give explicit linguistic expression in text to intended meaning rather than leaving it implicit and to be inferred from context.
a) contextualize
b) texualize
b
……………………………A communicative use of language which takes on pragmatic meaning. The term usually refers to short expressions in spoken language like turns in a conversation.
a) sentences
b) propositon
c) utterances
c
……………………………the meaning that is conveyed when one of Grice’s maxims is deliberately flouted.
conversational implicature
……………………….are words which point backwards, forwards and extra textually and which serve to situate a speaker or writer in relation to what is said.
a) anaphora
b) cataphora
c) deictics
c
…………………………words such as ‘well’ and ‘right’ which are normally used to mark boundaries in conversation between one topic and the next. They can also signpost relationships between utterances.
a) makers
b) discourse markers
c) pro-forms
b
……………………the omission of part of a structure. It is normally used for reasons of economy and, in spoken discourse, can create a sense of informality.
ellipsis
……………………………….A basic pattern of structuring interaction that often occurs in classroom conversation. It consists of three moves known as initiation, response and follow-up or feedback.
a) interaction
b) exchange
c) converstaion
b
…………….items which do not carry conventional meaning, but which are inserted, usually in spoken discourse, to allow time to think, to create a pause, and so on.
fillers
This theory argues that past experiences help us to understand conversation. From our past conversations we bring mental frameworks that help us to understand and anticipate what is going to happen next in a conversation…………………………..
a) experiance theory
b) frame theory
b,
………………………words and phrases which soften or weaken the force with which something is said. Examples of hedges are: ‘kind of’, ‘sort of’, ‘by any chance’, ‘as it were’, ‘admittedly’…….
a) voiced pauses
b) fillers
c) hedges
c
…………………………A sequence of utterances separating an adjacency pair
insertion sequence
……………………The language used when people relate to each other – the language used for socialising.
a) transformational language
b) interactional language
b
……………………..This is the rise and fall in pitch that occurs in spoken language.
a) paralinguist
b) intonation
b
What the speaker is doing or intending with the words. The speaker meaning in context as opposed to the linguistic surface meaning of an utterance…………………..
a) semantics
b) pragmatics
b
…………………….features of the voice such as speed, volume, intonation and stress.
prosodic features
…………………………refers to what is done when something is said (for example, warning, threatening, promising, requesting).
a) speech act
b) speech event
a
……………………..Language that is used in obtaining goods and services.
a) transformational lnguage
b) transactional language
b
…………………………….language, such as ‘or something’ and ‘or whatever’, occurs deliberately in spoken language to soften the impact made by the speaker.
a) vague language
b) hedges
a
…………………………Noises made by a speaker such as ‘er’ or ‘um’ which give the speaker time to pause and indicate a desire to hold the speaking turn.
a) voiced pauses
b) vague language
a
