discourse analysis

Question 1

………………A pair of utterances in conversation of which the second is a conventional response to the first, e.g. question/ answer.

a) adjacency pair
b) anaphora
c)coherence

Answer 1

a) adjacency pair

Question 2

………………….The convergence of two grammatical structures into one to create a double meaning.

Answer 2

ambiguity

Question 3

……………The use of a term as a pro-form to make a textual connection to something previously referred

Answer 3

anaphora

Question 4

The Prime Minister arrived. He …

“he” here is an……………

Answer 4

anaphoric reference to The Prime Minister.

Question 5

…………………it refers to what comes later

Answer 5

cataphoric

Question 6

When he arrived, the Prime Minister

is an example of?

Answer 6

cataphoric reference

Question 7

………………..) The interpretation of a text so that it makes sense.

Answer 7

coherence

Question 8

………………The linking together of parts of a text by means of proforms of various kinds

Answer 8

cohesion

Question 9

…………………The co-occurrence of words in text,

Answer 9

collocation

Question 10

unforeseen circumstances, dense fog are both an example of ?

Answer 10

collocations

Question 11

………………The rheme interpreted as what P1 wants to say on a topic.

Answer 11

comment

Question 12

……………………….the knowledge of what constitutes the communicative use of language and which enables users to make judgments about how far a particular use is possible, feasible, appropriate, and perform.

Answer 12

communicative competence

Question 13

………………..The display of the different co-texts of occurrence of particular words, typically the result of the computer analysis of a corpus.

Answer 13

concordance

Question 14

…………………….the associations that are called up by a word,

Answer 14

connotation Suggestive meaning

Question 15

the word lion suggests bravery in many people’s minds. is an example of a?

Answer 15

connotation Suggestive meaning

Question 16

what type of sentence is KEEP OFF THE GRASS?
a) imperative
b) declarative
c) interrogative

Answer 16

a) imperative

Question 17

Languages are traditionally recorded for us in pragmatic terms. true or false?

Answer 17

false,analytic

Question 18

We identify a piece of language as a……………..as soon as we recognize that it has been produced for a communicative purpose.

Answer 18

text

Question 19

we can not identify a text as a purposeful use of language without necessarily being able to interpret just what is meant by it. true or false?

Answer 19

false, we can

Question 20

the text KEEP OFF THE GRASS is intended as…….
a) requests
b) warning
c) prohibition

Answer 20

c) prohibition

Question 21

the text ‘HANDLE WITH CARE’ or ‘THIS SIDE UP’ is intended as…….
a) requests
b) warning
c) prohibition

Answer 21

a) requests

Question 22

we make sense of a text by relating the to two contexts………….., ……………..
a) text, discourse
b) referential/ pragmatic
c) perceptual/ conceptual

Answer 22

c) perceptual/ conceptual

Question 23

all texts have only a straightforward function. true or false?

Answer 23

false, some of them have complex purposes.
e.g. newspaper——-> factual accounts/ certain point of view
travel guide——-> provide info/ promote attractions

Question 24

all texts are uses of language which are produced with the intention to refer to something for some purpose.true or false?

Answer 24

true

Question 25

Texts do not mediate meaning but are used to contain it across discourses. true or false?

Answer 25

false, contain/ mediate

Question 26

the degree of convergence is always the same when mediating a sentence. true or false?

Answer 26

false, the degree of convergence varies a good deal.

As we all know from our own experience, no matter how explicitly we think we have textualized what we want to say, there is always the possibility that it will be interpreted otherwise.

Question 27

………………refer both to what a text producer meant by a text and what a text means to the receiver.

Answer 27

Discourse

Question 28

…………….are the perceptible traces of the process, not itself open to direct perception, of mediating a message.

Answer 28

texts

Question 29

spoken texts in spoken language NEED to be recorded. true or false?

Answer 29

false, They can, of course, be recorded, but do not need to be, and usually are not.

Question 30

written text is regulated on-line to negotiate whatever convergence between intention and interpretation is required for the purpose. true or false?

Answer 30

false, spoken text

Question 31

written text will often make a convergence between intention and interpretation more difficult to achieve. True or false?

Answer 31

true

Question 32

tones of voice, varying stress, pauses, and so on are called …………….

Answer 32

paralanguage

Question 33

paralanguage appear in written text. true or false?

Answer 33

false, spoken

Question 34

when the text is accompanied by, and related to other modes of communication -pictures, diagrams, charts, and so on. it is called …………

Answer 34

multimodal

Question 35

when we use language we only present the meaning that is encoded in it. true or false?

Answer 35

false,we exploit them as a potential resource for making meaning of our own.

Question 36

The encoded meanings are pragmatic meanings and are what is described in dictionaries and grammar books. true or false?

Answer 36

false, semantic meaning

Question 37

we always make this semantic meaning serve a pragmatic purpose.true or false?

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

having an agent in a text is crucial. true or false?

Answer 38

false, A text includes some information, specially in the written form or printed form. Thus, it is noteworthy that the agent of a text is not crucial:

Question 39

The information present in a text like a subject
textbook, an essay, or a press release where the information is merely reported with or without an agent or a speaker is usually non‐interactive. true or false?

Answer 39

true

Question 40

……………..a sequence of paragraphs that represent an extended unit of speech.

Answer 40

TEXT

Question 41

………………..is a fundamental factor in a text.
a) pragmatic cohesion
b) grammatical cohesion
c) interactive quality

Answer 41

b) grammatical cohesion

Question 42

……………..is the analysis of the grammatically cohesive sentences, imparting some information.

Answer 42

textual analysis

Question 43

………….is often conversational communication between people.

Answer 43

A discourse

Question 44

………………a social
event of multi‐layered communication in a variety of media: verbal, textual, visual, and audial, that has an interactive social purpose.

Answer 44

discourse

Question 45

what are the three elements of discourse
1-………………….
2-………………….
3-………………………

Answer 45

1- the agent (who to whom)
2- the purpose (the social purpose)
3- the medium (verbal, written, audio, or visual).

Question 46

A text is necessarily non‐interactive while
discourse is necessarily interactive. true or false?

Answer 46

true

Question 47

a text does not necessarily indicate an agent whereas the agent is a crucial element in a discourse. true or false?

Answer 47

true

Question 48

………………..an object that can be read, whether it is a work of literature, a lesson written on the board, or a street sign. It is a coherent set of signs that transmits some kind of informative message.

Answer 48

A TEXT

Question 49

………….referred to authentic daily communications, mainly oral, included in the wide communicative context.

Answer 49

discourse

Question 50

…………………refer to
the totality of codified language used in a particular field of intellectual inquiry and of social practice (e.g. medical discourse, legal discourse, etc.).

Answer 50

discourse

Question 51

a …………….is made up of sentences having the property of grammatical cohesion. ……………………deals with cohesion. ………………. is the use of such sentences. Discourse is made up of utterances having the property of coherence.

Answer 51

text/ text analysis/ discourse.

Question 52

……………..is defined as the quality of being logical, consistent, and able to be understood.
a) cohesion
b) coherence
c) articulate

Answer 52

b) coherence

Question 53

……………..refers to the degree to which sentences are connected so that there is a flow of ideas.

Answer 53

Cohesion

Question 54

connectives operate within sentences and Conjunctions relate to meaning between sentences. true or false?

Answer 54

false, Conjunctions operate within sentences and connectives relate to meaning between sentences.

Question 55

a text can be internally cohesive but be incoherent‐that is, make no sense. true or false?

Answer 55

true

Question 56

………………. devices are words or phrases that show
the relationship between paragraphs or sections of a text or speech. words like “for example”, “in conclusion”, “however” and “moreover”.

Answer 56

Cohesive devices

Question 57

knowing the grammar of a language is the same as knowing how to describe it. true or false?

Answer 57

false,knowing the grammar of a language is not the same as knowing how to describe it

Question 58

They has it in a safe place put and it will not to find.

does this sentence exemplifies a possible sentence in English? why?

Answer 58

no, it does not conforms to the encoding conventions of the standard language

Question 59

reference is a kind of semantic meaning. true or false?

Answer 59

false, pragmatic meaning

Question 60

what is the pragmatic kind that relates to the interpretation of this sentence (The taxi will be here in a quarter of an hour.) in this way, might be a promise (I have arranged everything. The taxi will be here in a quarter of an hour), or advice (You should pack your bags. The taxi will be here in a quarter of an hour).

Answer 60

illocutionary act

Question 61

what kind of pragmatic meaning that achieves this (the language can be used to talk about something, to express a proposition of some kind.)

Answer 61

Reference

Question 62

Without the contextual co-ordinates, the referential possibilities of any expression would, of course, be limited. true or false?

Answer 62

false, Without these contextual co-ordinates, the referential possibilities of this expression would, of course, be endless

Question 63

what kind of pragmatic meaning happens when The speaker is not just acting, but acting upon the other person, to bring about a certain state of mind or course of action?

Answer 63

perlocutionary effect.

In promising, she or he may be intending to reassure the other person (Don’t worry, I have arranged everything …), or the advice may be meant to stir him/ her into action (Hurry up!)

Question 64

our knowledge of the encoded possibilities in the language delimits the range of pragmatic interpretation. true or false?

Answer 64

true

Question 65

our communicative competence incorporates both a knowledge of what is …………….. as possible in the language and a knowledge of how these encodings are used appropriately in ……………

Answer 65

encoded/ context

Question 66

what are the Four aspects of communicative competence?
1-………………………………………
2-………………………………………..
3-………………………………………
4-……………………………………

Answer 66

1- feasibility ( processible)
2- possible ( grammatically will-formed
3- appropriate context ( discourse)
4- frequency (performed)

Question 67

………….our recognition of the extent to which a particular expression can be readily processed. ..

Answer 67

feasibility

Question 68

“This is the corn the rat the cat the dog chased killed ate. “

can this sentence be recognized as feasible?

Answer 68

No, relatively unfeasible.

Question 69

……………occurs when two distinct structures converge into one single sequence of sentence constituents

Answer 69

Ambiguity

Question 70

Visiting aunts can be boring.

the previous sentence suffers from……………. which violates one factor of communicative competence called……………

Answer 70

ambiguity- feasibility

Question 71

Perfectly possible expressions in a language can NEVER be lacking in feasibility. True or false?

Answer 71

false, may, then, be relatively lacking in feasibility.

Question 72

there is no direct correspondence between feasibility and grammatical well-formedness. true or false?

Answer 72

True

Question 73

the development of corpus linguistics over recent years helped communicative competence to help one of its factors which is……………….

Answer 73

frequency

Question 74

what linguistic description ( corpus) can do is turn……
…….. knowledge into………………… ones.

a) ambiguous/ clear
b) incorrect/ correct
c) procedural /overt and declarative

Answer 74

c) procedural /overt and declarative

Question 75

the patterns of frequency and co-occurrence that this reveals CAN NEVER be independently described without reference to the particular contextual conditions in which the text was produced, or the pragmatic meanings that were achieved in producing them. True or false?

Answer 75

false, it can be

Question 76

So the context of an utterance cannot simply be the situation in which it occurs but the features of the situation that are taken as relevant. true or false?

Answer 76

true

Question 77

context is an external set of circumstances. true or false?

Answer 77

false, context is not an external set of circumstances but a selection of them internally represented in the mind.

Question 78

………………..is an abstract representation of a state of affairs.

Answer 78

context

Question 79

context NEED TO BE constructed directly from the immediate concrete situation. true or false?

Answer 79

false,It can be entirely independent of such situational factors. Consider again the utterance overheard in a crowded train.

Question 80

is the situation contextually relevant in these sentences?
1-Terribly crowded tonight.
2-Excuse me, this is my station.

Answer 80

yes

Question 81

typically where and when a written text is read is quite different from where and when it was actually produced. true or false?

Answer 81

true

Question 82

does text establish context?

Answer 82

No,but serves to activate it in the reader’s mind. And once activated, it can be extended by inference.

Question 83

context is a …………………context.
a) social
b) financial
c)psychological

Answer 83

c)psychological

Question 84

……………….a conceptual-representation of a state of affairs.

Answer 84

context

Question 85

: once a degree of contextual convergence is initiated, it provides the conditions for further convergence.True or false?

Answer 85

true

Question 86

P1 and P2 refer to?

Answer 86

first-person party/the second-person party

Question 87

the failed communication can be saved if the interaction is …………….

( written or spoken)

Answer 87

spoken

Question 88

generally speaking, all texts are recipient-designed in one way or another so that if you are not the recipient who is, so to speak, designated, you are likely to have problems keying into the context that the text producer presupposes. true or false?

Answer 88

true

Question 89

…………..the pointing out of something immediately and perceptibly present in the situation of utterance: that door there, this door here.

Answer 89

deixis

Question 90

context is confined to what is situationally present in the here and now. true or false?

Answer 90

false, is not confined

Question 91

word forms frequently encode more than one pragmatic meaning and these are recorded in a dictionary. true or false?

Answer 91

false, semantic meaning

Question 92

………….is saw how people make sense of text, whether spoken or written, by relating it to what they know of the world they live in, the ideational and interpersonal schemata that represent the customary and conventional ways in which their socio-cultural reality is structured.

Answer 92

schematic knowledge.

Question 93

people don’t need semantic knowledge in order for this schematic knowledge to be pragmatically activated as appropriate. True or false?

Answer 93

false, people NEED semantic meaning

Question 94

the schemata that we are familiar will determine our interpretation. true or false?

Answer 94

false, the schemata that we are familiar with will dispose us to interpret a text along certain lines, they do not therefore determine our interpretation. If they did, not only would we never learn anything new, but we could hardly be said to be engaging in communication at all

Question 95

How much convergence is achieved in the communication will naturally depend on there being a measure of correspondence between P1 and P2 knowledge. true or false?

Answer 95

True

Question 96

writing is a relatively easy ability to acquire, and reading is a relatively difficult one. true or false?

Answer 96

false, writing is a relatively difficult ability to acquire, and reading a relatively easy one.

Question 97

the closer the correspondence the easier it is, potentially, to converge, and the less close the greater the need to negotiate a convergence. true or false?

Answer 97

true

Question 98

the degree of convergence that we seek to achieve is regulated by the purpose of our communication. true or false?

Answer 98

true,the degree to which the parties actually converge does not just depend on how far they are able to do so; it also depends, crucially, on how far they want or need to do so

Question 99

it is guaranteed that if p2 understands one kind of pragmatic meaning of what p1 said, they’ll understand the two other types of pragmatic meaning. true or false?

Answer 99

false,P2 may understand what P1 intends to refer to by saying something, but not what illocutionary force is intended, or may recognize the intended force but not grasp what effect it is meant to have.

Question 100

“do not provide more or less, information than is necessary. “ is the principle of?

Answer 100

The quantity maxim

Question 101

it p1 overestimates the extent of shared contextual knowledge, then what they say will be heard or read as pointlessly wordy, or verbose. . true or false?

Answer 101

false,if they overestimate the extent of shared contextual knowledge, and so under-textualize, then what they say will be heard or read as obscure.

Question 102

if p1 underestimates how much context is shared and so over-textualize by producing too much language, then what they say will be heard or read as pointlessly wordy, or verbose. true or false?

Answer 102

true

Question 103

having a degree of textualization that serves the genre they are written in follows the principle of?

Answer 103

The quantity maxim

Question 104

One thing to note about the quantity maxim, then, is that, if it is to serve its co-operative function, its application must depend on …………and ……………………

Answer 104

context-purpose

Question 105

flouting the maxim of quantity is known as………………..
a) semantic incompetence
b)convention incompetence
c) Conversational implicature

Answer 105

c) Conversational implicature

Question 106

if a jury asks you to “tell the court what you did on the morning of February 10th? “ and you answered by giving more information than needed and not excluding what is common knowledge, what’d the jury think?

a) that you are probably nervous, and will offer you a drink
b) that you’re an idiot and can’t be trusted
c) that you’re doing this deliberately and are likely to be penalized for contempt of court.

Answer 106

c) that you’re doing this deliberately and are likely to be penalized for contempt of court.

Question 107

When people say more than seems warranted, we might suspect them of……………….

a) being lonely and needing someone to talk to.

b)beating about the bush’ so as to impress us, or hide something from us.

c) that they are just chatty like that 🤷‍♀️🤷‍♀️🤷‍♀️

Answer 107

b)beating about the bush’ so as to impress us, or hide something from us.

Question 108

“be truthful and do not say things you know to be false. “ is the maxim of…………

Answer 108

quality

Question 109

This bag weighs a ton.
The drinks cost a fortune.
My brother is a pig.

all these examples are a violation of the maxim of……………… to give a sense of…………………..

Answer 109

quality- exaggeration/emphasis

Question 110

the flouting of the quality of maxim is rarely used in conversations. true or false?

Answer 110

false, The deliberate flouting of this maxim is a naturally creative process that goes on all the time.

Question 111

In an obituary or funeral oration, your are expected to follow the quality of maxim?

Answer 111

noooooooooooooo, tell anything but the truth.

Question 112

“make what you say relevant to the topic or purpose of the communication. “ is the maxim of……………

Answer 112

relation

Question 113

“be clear, avoid ambiguity and obscurity. “ is the maxim of ………………….

Answer 113

MAnner

Question 114

If you want to get ahead get a hat.
The car in front is a Toyota
Nokia-connecting people.

all these sentences violate the maxim of…………..

Answer 114

manner

Question 115

communication is an exercise in …………….
a) convergence
b) empathy
c) power

Answer 115

c) power

Question 116

calling Tony Blair “Bush’s Poodle” plainly flouts the ………….. maxim
a) quality
b) quantity
c)manner

Answer 116

a) quality

Question 117

there won’t always be different grammatical structures and different lexical items available for referring to the ‘same’ thing in a variety of ways. true or false?

Answer 117

false, there will .thereby allowing for the expression of attitude, personal evaluation, point of view

Question 118

adjectives like idealistic, single-minded, and self-assured often have negative connotations to them. True or false?

Answer 118

false, they are generally taken as positive

Question 119

the corresponding words
doctrinaire,
narrow-minded
cocky
are generally taken as negative. true or false?

Answer 119

true

Question 120

The verbs withdraw, decline, and negotiate are usually……………………..
a)positive
b) negative

Answer 120

a)positive

Question 121

the words retreat, refuse, and haggle are usually positive. true or false?

Answer 121

false, negative

Question 122

people usually don’t keep to the Gricean maxims but they always keep to the semantic convention. true or false?

Answer 122

false, they do not keep to semantic convention either.

Question 123

………………Those who follow this approach are particularly concerned with (and concerned about) the use (and abuse) of language for the exercise of sociopolitical power.

Answer 123

Critical discourse analysis (CDA)

Question 124

CDA followers think those who compose texts are taken to be not so much individuals as socially constructed spokespersons or representatives of discourse communities. true or false?

Answer 124

true

Question 125

critical discourse analysts enquire into the role played by …………..

a) pragmatic knowledge
b) schematic knowledge
c) semantic knowledge

Answer 125

b) schematic knowledge

Question 126

CDA only deals with the ideational NOT ideological representations of reality. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 126

false, not only with ideational but also ideological representations of reality,

Question 127

CDA think that people are not only influenced by ideology but they actually construct it in what they say, and in ways that are most likely to persuade others to comply with it. true or false?

Answer 127

True

Question 128

CDA’s refuse to call themselves activists as they are simply analysts.True or false?

Answer 128

false, Its proponents are not simply analysts but activists.

Question 129

CDA thinks that some ideologies are motivated against the interests of the deprived and the oppressed. and those are the ones they focus mostly on. true or false?

Answer 129

true

Question 130

if a writer is simply not aware of using any certain ideology does that mean their text is not worth analyzing. true or false?

Answer 130

false, for the choice of a particular expression may well be made subliminally, below the level of conscious awareness, and so can still be taken as evidence of an underlying ideological attitude, all the more insidious, indeed, for being instinctive

Question 131

this sentence “an army of refugees” violates the maxim of…………………

Answer 131

quality

Question 132

what is the underlying ideology of a writer who says “an army of refugees”?
a) he thinks that these refugees are numerous.
b) he is sympathizing with them.
c) he thinks they are dangerous

Answer 132

c) he thinks they are dangerous

Question 133

“The refugees were driven back and many of them were injured.” what motivates the deletion of the “by” at the end of the sentence?

a) gloss over the responsibility of the police
b) condemn the police
c) condemn the refuges

Answer 133

a) gloss over the responsibility of the police

Question 134

English grammar always constrains the providing of an agent in the passive tense. true or false?

Answer 134

false, With the passive, the grammar does not constrain you to provide an agent

by + the agent

Question 135

if a writer felt reluctantly obliged to mention the police in the sentence above he would add it in?
a) the theme of an agent
b) the rheme
c) omit it altogether

Answer 135

b) the rheme

Question 136

how a particular part of a text is understood depends on its connection with what has gone before. True or false?

Answer 136

true

Question 137

………………………their function is to regulate information in relation to what is already given or known to make it easier to process.

Answer 137

cohesive devices

Question 138

a theme can either serve as a ……………… or……………………………………

Answer 138

topic (what P1 is talking about)
given (what P2 already knows).

Question 139

we can assign ideological significance to any text with only the lexical and grammatical features. true or false?

Answer 139

false, we need the co-textual relations also.

Question 140

what kind of communicative competence treats the text simply as a collection of linguistic elements.

Answer 140

The possibility, We can say how far it is possible, that is to say how far it conforms to what is lexically and grammatically encoded in the language.

Question 141

what kind of communicative competence deals with how easy a text is to process, and t how it keys in with shared knowledge?

Answer 141

feasibility

Question 142

what kind of communicative competence deals with how the text can be related to context to bring about reference, force, and effect.

Answer 142

appropriate ( discourse)

Question 143

what kind of communicative competence deals with whether and to what extent a particular text is attested as actually occurring usage?

Answer 143

frequency (conventions of usage. )

Question 144

what kind of communicative competence deals with whether and to what extent a particular text is attested as actually occurring usage?

Answer 144

frequency (conventions of usage. ) the performed

Question 145

all lexical and grammatical elements are equally possible and equally common in the linguistic code. true or false?

Answer 145

false, they are obviously not all equally common in actual usage.

Question 146

if an occurrence of a word is abnormally rare then it creates an/a…………………………
a) collocation
b) implicature
c) exception

Answer 146

b) implicature

Question 147

the……………… of a word means their distribution in different domains of use.

a) frequency
b) kind
c) range

Answer 147

c) range

Question 148

what is the domain that has a high frequency of omitting the definite article?

a) teaching
c) newspaper
b) medical records

Answer 148

c) newspaper

Question 149

relative frequency pay no mind to what genres the words are in. true or false?

Answer 149

false, So relative frequency can be taken as having a schematic significance in that certain words mark particular genres or discourse domains.

Question 150

if words like” customer, consumer “appear in the discourse domain of clinical medicine or education.
what can we infer from that?

a) that a customer is ill or in need of education
b) that the writer thinks that health care is some kind of commodity
c) trick question, we can’t infer anything from that

Answer 150

b) that the writer thinks that health care is some kind of commodity

Question 151

corpus can show us ……………………… , ……………….., …………………………………… of words

Answer 151

range, frequency, and co-occurrence.

Question 152

the word pious often come with the word ……………………………

a) hope
b) shame
c) conclusion

Answer 152

a) hope

Question 153

the word forgone often comes with the word ………….
a) conclusion
b) fate
c) circumstances

Answer 153

a) conclusion

Question 154

noun collocation can only happen between two lexical items. true or false?

Answer 154

false, collocation goes beyond the relationship between two lexical item
include many other recurring combinations in phrases like: as a matter of fact, all things considered, when all’s said and done, all things being equal, for better or for worse, and so on.

Question 155

……………..displays all the occurrences of a particular word in lines of text so that one can see at a glance where co-textual combinations recur.

a) corpus
b) discourse
c) concordance

Answer 155

c) concordance

Question 156

the words big and large, little and small have the same collocational preferences. true or false?

Answer 156

false, occur with different overall frequencies, but to have rather different collocational preferences.

Question 157

words that are marked for intensity normally combine with “very” or appear in the frame” it is not—that”. true or false?

Answer 157

false, they usually don’t combine with “very”

for example, intensity is already a semantic feature of amazing and astonishing so they do not need the word “ very”

Question 158

we can explain particular collocational combinations in texts by identifying the more general semantic properties of the words concerned. true or false?

Answer 158

true

Question 159

what corpus analysis does is that it analysis text and nor discourse. true or false?

Answer 159

true

Question 160

…………………refers to a single stimulus‐plus response sequence by the participants.

Answer 160

Adjacency pair

Question 161

……………………have been analyzed in terms of their role in initiating, maintaining and closing conversations (e.g. the various conversations of greeting, leave‐taking, topic‐ changing).

Answer 161

Adjacency pair

Question 162

………………refers to a word or sentence which
expresses more than one meaning.

Answer 162

Ambiguity

Question 163

…………………..ambiguity in which alternative constituent structures can be assigned to a construction.

a) grammatical ambiguity
b) transformational ambiguity

Answer 163

a) grammatical ambiguity

Question 164

………………………….the alternative semantic
representations can be shown only by relating the ambiguous sentences to different structures.

a) grammatical ambiguity
b) transformational ambiguity

Answer 164

b) transformational ambiguity

Question 165

A sentence with more than two structural interpretations is said to be ………………

Answer 165

multiply ambiguous.

Question 166

…………….. is due to the alternative meanings of an individual lexical item e.g. “I found the table fascinating”, (= “object of furniture” or “table of figures”.

a) grammatical ambiguity
b) transformational ambiguity
c) lexical ambiguity

Answer 166

c) lexical ambiguity

Question 167

the word Ambiguios and vague are synonyms to each other. true or false?

Answer 167

false, ambiguity is different from vagueness: an ambiguous sentence
has more than one distinct structure; a vague sentence permits an unspecifiable range of possible interpretations

Question 168

vagueness happens when a sentence
has more than one distinct structure. true or false?

Answer 168

false, a vague sentence permits an unspecifiable range of possible interpretations

Question 169

vagueness is unstateable in syntactic or phonological terms. true or false?

Answer 169

True

Question 170

“He didn’t hit the dog”
this sentence is ……
a) ambiguous
b) vague
c) perfectly explainable

Answer 170

b) vague

Question 171

“each other” and “one another” are types of reflexive pronouns which are also types of Anaphor. true or false?

Answer 171

false, reciprocal

Question 172

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves are types of reflexive pronouns which is a type of Anaphor. true or false?

Answer 172

true

Question 173

………refers to a type of NP which has no independent
reference, but refers to some other sentence constituent (its antecedent).

a)Anaphor
b)pronoun
c) cataphora

Answer 173

a)Anaphor

Question 174

…………………..the process or result of a linguistic unit referring back to some previously expressed unit or meaning.

Answer 174

Anaphora

Question 175

……..the process or result of a linguistic
unit referring forward to another unit.

Answer 175

Cataphora (Cataphoric):

Question 176

…………………refers to the main principle of organization postulated to account for the underlying functional connectedness or identity of a piece of spoken or written language (text, discourse).

Answer 176

Coherence

Question 177

………………..refers to the Syntactic or Semantic connectivity of lx forms at a surface structure level of analysis.

Answer 177

cohesive

Question 178

The criterion that states that new Elements cannot usually be inserted into words in normal speech, but only at word boundaries……………………………………
a) coherence
b) uninterruptability

Answer 178

b) uninterruptability

Question 179

coherence refers to those surface‐structure features of an utterance or text which link different parts of sentences or larger units of discourse. true or false?

Answer 179

false, cohesion

Question 180

pronouns, articles, and some types of adverbs are all devices of ……………

a) coherence
b) cohesion

Answer 180

b) cohesion

Question 181

…………………………….refers to the habitual co‐occurrence of individual lexical items.

Answer 181

collocation

Question 182

“postman”, “pillar‐box”, and “spick and span” are all types of sense associations that tend to include idiosyncratic connections. true or false?

Answer 182

false, they are types of collocation

Question 183

auspicious collocates with ………….
a) sign
b) graphic
c) anniversary

Answer 183

a) sign

Question 184

………………………………is the part of the sentence which says something further about the topic.

Answer 184

the comment

Question 185

“the girl was going to fail her exams and disappoint her parent for the third time in a row”

” the girl” is the topic rheme while “ was going to fail her exams” is the comment theme. true or false?

Answer 185

false, topic theme / comment rheme

Question 186

………………is a type of clause referring to an optional structure whose function is to add a parenthetic comment to another clause.

a) comment
b) cohesion device
c) rheme

Answer 186

a) comment, e.g.= you know, to be honest, they say, generally speaking. Several of these act as stereotyped conversation fillers, with several complex functions, e.g. you see, mind you, I see.

Question 187

………………… focuses on the native
speaker’s ability to produce and understand sentences which are appropriate to the context in which they occur – what he needs to know in order to communicate effectively in socially distinct settings.

Answer 187

Communicative Competence

Question 188

……………………………refers to a formal relationship between elements, whereby a form of one word requires a corresponding form of another.

a) collocation
b) concordance
c) concord

Answer 188

c) concord,
e.g. singular subject co‐ occurs with the 3rd person singular form of the verb in the present tense

he walks

Question 189

…………………main application is
with reference to the emotional associations (personal or communal) which are suggested by, or are part of the meaning of, a linguistic unit, especially a lexical item.

a) denotation
b) communicative competence
c) connotation

Answer 189

c) connotation

Question 190

……………………….covers the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non‐linguistic entities to which it refers.

a) denotation
b) communicative competence
c) connotation

Answer 190

a) denotation

Question 191

the connotation of the lexical item “December” is that it’s the last month of the year. true or false?

Answer 191

false, The connotations of the lexical item December might include “bad weather”, “dark evenings”, or “parties”, “Christmas”

Question 192

………………………..A linguistic unit which is a component of a larger construction. A sentence can be analyzed into a series of constituents such as subject + predicate, or NP+ VP …. An NP might consist of a determiner and a noun.

a) concordance
b) collocations
c) constituent
d) connotation

Answer 192

c) constituent

Question 193

………..includes the total non‐linguistic background to a text or utterance.

a) co-text
b) situational context
c) transformational context

Answer 193

b) situational context

Question 194

…………………………..the implications which can be deduced from the form of an utterance, on the basis of certain co‐operative principles which govern the efficiency and normal acceptability of conversations.

a) Conventional implicatures
b) conversion
c) Conversational implicature

Answer 194

c) Conversational implicature

Question 195

…………………………………..are attached by convention
to particular expressions, e.g. utterance‐initial oh, the use of therefore, even and yet, and the sequence of the type He is an Englishman; therefore he is brave.

.a) Conventional implicatures
b) conversion
c) Conversational implicature

Answer 195

.a) Conventional implicatures

Question 196

…………………………..it states that speakers try
to cooperate with each other when communicating. They will attempt to be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear (maxims of “quantity”, “quality”, “relation” and “manner”). Listeners will normally assume that a speaker is following these criteria.

a) discourse
b)Cooperative principle

Answer 196

b)Cooperative principle

Question 197

…………………………to deduce implications from what has been said concerning what has not been said.

Answer 197

conversational implicatures

Question 198

……………….A collection of Linguistic Data, either written texts or a transcription of recorded speech, which can be used as a starting point of linguistic description or as a means of verifying hypotheses about language.

Answer 198

corpus

Question 199

co-text is reserved for situational environments while context is reserved for linguistic ones. true or false?

Answer 199

false,

co-text —–> linguistic
context —–> situational

Question 200

denotation equals connotation. true or false?

Answer 200

غلط طبعا يا معلم انت بتقول ايه

Question 201

………..involves the relationship between a linguistic unit (especially a lexical item) and the non‐linguistic entities to which it refers – it is thus equivalent to referential meaning.

a) denotation
c) connotation

Answer 201

a) denotation

Question 202

………………………..a continuous stretch of “especially
spoken” language larger than a sentence. More generally it is a set of utterances which constitute any recognizable speech event, e.g. a conversation, a joke, a sermon, an interview.

Answer 202

Discourse

Question 203

God save the Queen,
The more the merrier,
How do you do?,
Many happy returns

are all kinds of……….

a) metaphors
b) formulaic languagee

Answer 203

b) formulaic language “stereotyped sentences”.

Question 204

……………………….utterances which lack normal syntactic or morphological characteristics.

Answer 204

Formulaic Language

Question 205

……….The general overarching guideline
thought to underlie conversational interactions: make your contribution appropriate to the conversation.

a) corpus
b) concordance
c) co-operative principle

Answer 205

c) co-operative principle

Question 206

…………….a body of written or spoken material gathered together for linguistic analysis. Nowadays, such data are normally stored in machine‐readable form on a computer.

a) corpus
b) concordance
c) co-operative principle

Answer 206

a) corpus

Question 207

……………….Forms whose use and interpretation depend on the location of the speaker and/or addressee within a particular setting (e.g., this/that, here/there).

a) deictics
b) discourse
c) hedges

Answer 207

a) deictics

Question 208

…………………The set of entities to which a word or expression refers (also called its referents or extension).

a) connotation
b) denotation
c) deictics

Answer 208

b) denotation

Question 209

………………………………a set of utterances produced by a speaker.

a) discourse
b) text
c) locutionary

Answer 209

a) discourse

Question 210

…………maintains the other person’s reputation, dignity, credibility, and the like.

a) face‐threatening
b) Face‐saving language

Answer 210

b) Face‐saving language

Question 211

…………Knowledge that the speaker
assumes is available to the addressee at the time of the utterance, either because it is shared by both or because it has already been introduced into the discourse
a) new information
b) convergence
c) given information

Answer 211

c) given information

Question 212

………………………………..The status of a sentence that speakers judge to be a possible sentence of their language.
a) feasibility
b) frequency
c) grammatical

Answer 212

c) grammatical

Question 213

……………Speakers’ ability to produce and understand and an unlimited number of
utterances, including many that are novel.

a) communicative competence
b) linguistic competence

Answer 213

b) linguistic competence

Question 214

……….The specific principles that ensure that
conversational interactions satisfy the cooperative principle.

a) grammatical rules
b) maxims
c) principles of communication

Answer 214

b) maxims

Question 215

……………………..a principle that is thought to underlie the efficient use of language and is formulated as: avoid ambiguity and obscurity; be brief and orderly.

a) maxim of quality
b) maxim of quantity
c) maxim of manner
d) maxim of relation

Answer 215

c) maxim of manner

Question 216

…………………………a principle that is thought to
underlie the efficient use of language and is formulated as: Try to make your contribution one that is true. (Don’t say things that are false or for which you lack adequate evidence.

a) maxim of quality
b) maxim of quantity
c) maxim of manner
d) maxim of relation

Answer 216

a) maxim of quality

Question 217

…………………………..a principle that is thought to
underlie the efficient use of language and is formulated as: Don’t make your contribution more or less informative than required.

a) maxim of quality
b) maxim of quantity
c) maxim of manner
d) maxim of relation

Answer 217

b) maxim of quantity

Question 218

……………………………….a principle that is thought to underlie the efficient use of language and is formulated as: Be relevant.
a) maxim of quality
b) maxim of quantity
c) maxim of manner
d) maxim of relation

Answer 218

d) maxim of relation

Question 219

…………….The knowledge that is introduced into the discourse for the first time.

a) theme
b) new information
c) given information

Answer 219

b) new information

Question 220

………….The study of various factors involved in
appropriate use and understanding of language.

a) syntax
b) semantics
c) pragmatics

Answer 220

c) pragmatics

Question 221

…………………….the speaker’s intentions and how they are surmised by the addressee, the speaker’s and addressee’s background attitudes and beliefs, their understanding of the context in which the utterance is made, and their knowledge of how language can be used for a variety of purposes.

a) syntax
b) semantics
c) pragmatics

Answer 221

c) pragmatics

Question 222

……………………….The study of meaning in human language.

a) syntax
b) semantics
c) pragmatics

Answer 222

b) semantics

Question 223

………………..The written version of any utterance or body of discourse.
a) text
b) textual analysis
c) textualization

Answer 223

a) text

Question 224

…………………What a sentence or group of sentences is about.

a) comment
b) topic

Answer 224

b) topic

Question 225

…………………….any bit of talk produced by a speaker
that is distinct from other bits of talk in a speech situation.

a) sentence
b) proposition
c) utterance

Answer 225

c) utterance

Question 226

……………………………the field that deals with
the organization of texts including ways in which parts of texts are connected and the devices used for achieving textual structure.

a) discourse analysis
b) contrastive analysis
c) applied linguistic

Answer 226

a) discourse analysis

Question 227

………………….markers that occur over the
length of a bit of discourse separating one “unit of talk” from a previous one (e.g., well, y’know).

a) intonation
b) discourse markers
c) conversation markers

Answer 227

b) discourse markers

Question 228

………………………Pitch movement in spoken utterances
that is not related to differences in word meaning.

a) intonation
b) discourse markers
c) conversation markers

Answer 228

a) intonation

Question 229

Words/phrases that make statements less assertive (maybe, sort of)…………

a) hedges
c) intonations
c) assertive

Answer 229

a) hedges

Question 230

…………………….refers to a sentence where, for reasons of economy, emphasis, or style, a part of the structure has been emitted, which is recoverable from a scrutiny of the context.

a) Ellison
b) ellipsis
c) elequey

Answer 230

b) ellipsis

Question 231

(A: Where are you going? B: To town).
is a form of?
a) Ellison
b) ellipsis
c) cliquey

Answer 231

b) ellipsis

Question 232

the term ellipsis would be used in sentences like “thanks” and “yes” as it’s grammatically clear. True or false?

Answer 232

false,

it is grammatically unclear what the full form of such sentences might be (e.g. “thanks is due to you”? “I give you thanks”?), and in such circumstances the term “ellipsis” would probably not be used.

Question 233

…………………………..They are also sometimes referred to as reduced, contracted or “abbreviated” constructions.

a) elliptical construction
b) filler construction

Answer 233

a) elliptical construction

Question 234

the rules governing “elliptical” constructions are intensely studied and researched. true or false?

Answer 234

false, the rules governing their occurrence have received relatively little study.

Question 235

……………….. a form which can be used at a given
place, or slot, in structures.

a) filler
b) ellipsis
c) Ellison
d) hedges

Answer 235

a) filler

Question 236

…………………….The linguistic system of an individual speaker.

a) idiosyncratic
b) idiolects
c) idiot 🤡

Answer 236

b) idiolects ( his personal dialect. )

Question 237

…………………the distinctive use of patterns of pitch, or melody.

a) tone
b) stress
c) intonation
d) range

Answer 237

c) intonation

Question 238

……………………is a signal of grammatical structure, where it performs a role similar to punctuation in writing, but involving far more contrasts.

a) tone
b) stress
c) intonation
d) range

Answer 238

c) intonation

Question 239

the rising and falling pitch indicates if you’re asking or telling which is a part of intonation. true or false?

Answer 239

True

Question 240

…………….. can communicate personal attitude: sarcasm, puzzlement, anger … can all be signaled by contrasts in pitch, along with other prosodic paralinguistic features.

a) tone
b) stress
c) intonation
d) range

Answer 240

c) intonation

Question 241

intonation can NOT signal social background. True or false?

Answer 241

false,
Other roles of intonation in language have been suggested, e.g. as one of the ways of signaling social background.

Question 242

………………as a sequence of pitch
levels, or “tones”, but this use of “tone” is different from that encountered in the phrase tone language, where it refers to the use of pitch to make contrasts of meaning at the word level.

Answer 242

Intonation

Question 243

………………as a sequence of pitch
levels, or “tones”,

b) stress
c) intonation
d) range

Answer 243

c) intonation ,

but this use of “tone” is different from that encountered in the phrase tone language, where it refers to the use of pitch to make contrasts of meaning at the word level.

Question 244

………………as a sequence of pitch
levels, or “tones”,

b) stress
c) intonation
d) range

Answer 244

c) intonation,

but this use of “tone” is different from that encountered in the phrase tone language, where it refers to the use of pitch to make contrasts of meaning at the word level.

Question 245

……………… refers collectively to variations in pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm.

a) prosody
b) speech acts
c) intonations

Answer 245

a) prosody

Question 246

all the “suprasegmentals” are synonyms for prosody. true or false?

Answer 246

false, Sometimes it is used loosely as a synonym for “suprasegmentals” but in a narrower sense it refers only to the above variables, the remaining suprasegmental features being labelled paralinguistics.

Question 247

……………are features extending over stretches of utterance Not only would pitch stress and juncture patterns be subsumed under the heading of prosody, but such features as secondary articulations would also be included, e.g. lip‐rounding or nasalization.

Answer 247

prosodies

Question 248

………………………refers to a theory which analyses the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of speaker and hearer in interpersonal communication.

a) tag question
b) prosodies
c) parole
d) speech act

Answer 248

d) speech act

Question 249

begging, commanding, and requesting are the directive speech acts. true or false?

Answer 249

true

Question 250

(promising, guaranteeing) is a kind of …………………………… speech act.

a) directives
b) commissives
c) expressives
d) declaratives
e) representatives

Answer 250

b) commissives

Question 251

apologizes, welcomes, sympathizes are a kind of ………… speech act.

a) directives
b) commissives
c) expressives
d) declaratives
e) representatives

Answer 251

c) expressives

Question 252

the speaker’s utterance brings about a new external situation, e.g. christening, marrying, resigning are a kind of …………. speech act.

a) directives
b) commissives
c) expressives
d) declaratives
e) representatives

Answer 252

d) declaratives

Question 253

the speaker conveys his belief about the truth of a proposition, e.g. asserts, hypothesizes is a king of ……………………………. speech act.

a) directives
b) commissives
c) expressives
d) declaratives
e) representatives

Answer 253

e) representatives

Question 254

The verbs which are used to indicate the speech act
intended by the speaker are sometimes known as ………………

a) speech act verbs
b) performative verbs

Answer 254

b) performative verbs

Question 255

The criteria which have to be satisfied in order for a speech act to be successful are known as……

a) filling
b) felicity
c) falling - harry styles ( very good song btw)

Answer 255

b) felicity

Question 256

……………….. refers to a question structure usually consisting of an auxiliary verb plus pronoun, attached to the end of a statement in order to convey a negative or positive orientation.

a) tag statement
b) tag questions

Answer 256

b) tag questions

Question 257

tag questions are invariable in English unlike french and german. true or false?

Answer 257

false,

It maybe invariable, as in French “n’est‐ce pas”, German “nicht wahr”, or variable as in English.

Question 258

……………..linguistic resources used to provide the cohesion that is necessary for discourse to be perceived as an organized whole.

a) cohesive devices
b) coherence devices

Answer 258

a) cohesive devices

Question 259

……………………………a speaker’s underlying knowledge of the linguistic system and the norms for the appropriate socio‐cultural use of language in particular situations.

a) linguistic competence
b) communicative competence

Answer 259

b) communicative competence

Question 260

………..This shows which words occur in
the neighborhood of certain other words in a corpus.

a) concordance
b) concord
c) collocation

Answer 260

a) concordance

Question 261

……………………..The set of associations that a word’s use can evoke (e.g; winter evokes short days and long
nights, snow, bare trees …).

a0 connotation
b) denotation
c) reference

Answer 261

connotation

Question 262

……………………….One or more words that occur together as a syntactic unit (e.g., The apple fell onto the floor).

a) connotation
b) denotation
c) collocation
d) constituent

Answer 262

d) constituent

Question 263

…………….information that is conveyed through inference but is not actually said.

a) conversational implicature
b) convention implicature

Answer 263

a) conversational implicature

Question 264

…………………..an act which is performed when an utterance achieves a particular effect on the behavior, beliefs, feelings … of a listener. E.gs. include utterances which frighten, insult, ridicule, sympathize, persuade… .

a) reference
b) illocutionary
c) perlocutionary

Answer 264

c) perlocutionary

Question 265

…………..is the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction, and the effects their use of language has on the other participants in an act of communication.

a) syntax
b) symantics
c) pragmatics

Answer 265

c) pragmatics

Question 266

…………….: the items in a sentence which substitute for other items or constructions. The central class of e.g. pronouns, which substitute for NPs. Other proforms replace adverbials (e.g. then, there) predicates (e.g. I like films. So do I), and even whole clauses or sentences (I said so).

a) anaphoric reference
b) cataphoric reference
c) pro-forms

Answer 266

c) pro-forms

Question 267

the unit of meaning which constitutes the subject‐matter of a statement in the form of a simple declarative sentence…………………

a) sentence
b) proposition
c) utterance

Answer 267

b) proposition

Question 268

the proposition can only be expressed in the same linguistic form. true or false?

Answer 268

false, Different linguistic forms can be shown to express the same preposition (e.g. the cat ate the meat, and the meat was eaten by the cat ..).

Question 269

…………..The entity (object, state of affairs …) in the external world to which a linguistic expression refers: e.g. the referent of the word table is the object “table”.

a) reference
b) illocutionary
c) perlocutionary

Answer 269

a) reference

Question 270

……………..a property arising from the meaning relations between lexical items and sentences.

a) The extra linguistic notion of referenc
b) with the intra linguistic notion of sense

Answer 270

b) with the intra linguistic notion of sense

Question 271

…………………………..state a relationship pf identity which exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun “refers” to a Noun or an NP. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse.

a) reference in grammatical analysis
b) reference in the pragmatic analysis

Answer 271

a) reference in grammatical analysis

Question 272

………….the part of a sentence that adds most to the advancing process of communication (it has the highest degree of communicative dynamism)

a) theme
b) rheme
c) comment

Answer 272

b) rheme

Question 273

The theme carries the highest degree of communicative dynamism. True or false?

Answer 273

false, The theme by contrast, carries the lowest degree of communicative dynamism.

Question 274

……………………a major branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning in language.

a) syntax
b) pragmatics
c) semantics

Answer 274

c) semantics

Question 275

synonymy and antonymy are types of ……………

a) syntax
b) pragmatics
c) semantics

Answer 275

c) semantics

Question 276

………………the largest structural unit in terms of which the grammar of a language is organized.

a) sentence
b) proposition
c) utterance

Answer 276

a) sentence

Question 277

Several linguists insist on making a systematic
distinction between sentence (a theoretical unit defined by grammar) and utterance (a physical unit, a matter of speech production, or performance).
true or false?

Answer 277

TRUE

Question 278

a sentence is a physical unit, a matter of speech production, or performance. true or false?

Answer 278

false, an utterance

Question 279

……………………..the extra linguistic setting in which an utterance takes place‐referring to such notions as number of participants, level of formality, nature of the ongoing activities.

a) place, time
b) situation
c) sentence

Answer 279

b) situation

Question 280

the linguistic meaning of an utterance would be equivalent to its sociolinguistic interpretation, e.g. religious, political, or informal “situations”. true or false?

Answer 280

false, situational meaning

Question 281

…………the basic unit for the analysis of
spoken interaction.
a) speech event
b) speech act
c) sentence

Answer 281

a) speech event

Question 282

…………….a stretch of language recorded for the purpose of analysis and description.

a) sentence
b) proposition
c) utterance
d) text

Answer 282

d) text

Question 283

…………are seen as language units which have a definable communicative function, characterized by such principles as cohesion, coherence, and informativeness, which can be used to provide a formal definition of what constitutes their identifying textuality or texture.

a) sentence
b) proposition
c) utterance
d) text

Answer 283

d) text

Question 284

A similar “distinction” sees “discourse ” as a notion that applies to surface structure, whereas “text” applies to deep structure. True or false?

Answer 284

false, text - discourse

Question 285

……………………a dynamic process of expression and interpretation whose function and mode of operation can be investigated using psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics, as well as linguistic techniques.

a) text
b) discourse
c) sentence
d) utterance

Answer 285

b) discourse

Question 286

some linguists have defined
“text” as an abstract notion, discourse being its realization. true or false?

Answer 286

true

Question 287

text is usually thought of as dialogue usually of greater length. true or false?

Answer 287

false, Discourse

Question 288

texts are thought of as monologues, usually written, and often very short. true or false?

Answer 288

TRUE

Question 289

……………the first major constituent of a sentence.

A) theme
B) rheme

Answer 289

A) theme

Question 290

‘John Smith my name is”
what is the topic in this sentence?
a) john smith
b) is
c) my name

Answer 290

c) my name

Question 291

………………………..The person or thing about which something is said.

a) text
b) discourse
c) sentence
d) topic

Answer 291

d) topic

Question 292

the topic needs to coincide with the subject of a sentence. true or false?

Answer 292

false, The topic often coincides with the subject of a sentence (e.g. A man is coming to the door), but it need not (e.g. There’s the man who gave you a lift)

Question 293

the topic is often called…………………..

a) subconscious subject
b) psychological subject

Answer 293

b) psychological subject

Question 294

……………..a stretch of speech about which no assumptions have been made in terms of linguistic theory (as opposed to the notion of sentence, which receives its definition from a theory of grammar).

a) text
b) discourse
c) sentence
d) utterance

Answer 294

d) utterance

Question 295

…………………“a stretch of speech preceded and followed by silence or a change of speaker”.
a) text
b) discourse
c) sentence
d) utterance

Answer 295

d) utterance

Question 296

it is a physically definable, behavioral unit, capable of definition in everyday terms…………….

a) text
b) discourse
c) sentence
d) utterance

Answer 296

d) utterance

Question 297

all of these are modes for knowing or approaching a language except:

a)psychological b) philosophical c)mathematical d)theological

Answer 297

a

Question 298

there are five modes of reality. true or false?

Answer 298

false, three