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Sp 15-Micro Final > Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate and Adaptive

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2
Q

Where are immune responses generate? (three places)

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Sites of infection

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3
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it.

  • May be a foreign substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen.
  • May be formed inside the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells
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4
Q

How are antigens recognized?

A

Toll-Like Receptors

Antigen Receptors

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5
Q

What is the physiological function of the immune system?

A

Defense against infectious microbes

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6
Q

Who theorized and discovered the first example of manipulating the immune system? Which disease was studied?

A

Edward Jenner

Smallpox (related to Cowpox)

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7
Q

What is cross-reactivity?

A

A reaction between an antigen and an antibody that was generated against a different but similar antigen

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8
Q

Which disease is the only one to be completely eradicated from nature?

A

smallpox

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9
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

A response involving non-antigen-specific barrier defenses.
-Similar response to virus, fungi, bacteria, etc.

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10
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Antigen specific response. Only reacts when there is a specific protein present.

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11
Q

Which phase of the immune response occurs first?

A

Innate
-occurs within first hours
(adaptive may not play a role until days later)

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12
Q

What are some physical barriers to infection within the innate response?

A

Epithelial and Mucosal Surfaces

-block, remove, trap, flush

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13
Q

What are some chemical barriers to infection within the innate response?

A 
Fatty Acids (sweat)
Lysozyme and Phospholipase (cell wall breakdown)
Low pH (halt growth)
Defensins (antimicrobial activity)
Surfactants (antigen clearing)
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14
Q

What is the main biological barrier to infection within the innate response?

A

Normal flora (prevent colonization)

  • release toxic substances
  • out-compete for attachment
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15
Q

All leukocytes are derived from _________ stem cells in _____ _________.

A

Hematopoietic

Bone marrow

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16
Q

What are myeloid cells? List the three classes.

A

Leukocytes derived from a myeloid progenitor cell

  1. Granulocytes
  2. Monocytes
  3. Dendritic Cells
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17
Q

Name the granulocytes.

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

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18
Q

What do monocytes (in circulation) differentiate into (in tissue)?

A

Macrophages

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19
Q

What are Lymphoid cells? List the types.

A

Leukocytes derived from lymphoid progenitor cells

  1. Natural Killer Cells
  2. T Cells
  3. B Cells
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20
Q

Which lymphoid cells are innate and which are adaptive?

A

Natural Killer = innate immune cells

T Cells/B Cells = Adaptive immune cells

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21
Q

Why are natural killer cells an exception?

A

They are lymphoid cells but participate in innate immunity

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22
Q

Myeloid Cells are derived from ______ _____ ______.

A

Myeloid Progenitor Cells

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23
Q

Lymphoid Cells are derived from ______ ______ _____.

A

Lymphoid Progenitor Cells

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24
Q

Describe Neutrophils.

A 
Granulocytes
PHAGOCYTIC
Large Cells (and abundant)
FIRST RESPONDERS
Multi-lobed nucleus
Produce chemotactic agents for other leukocytes
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25
Q

Describe Basophils.

A 
Granulocytes
Least abundant (0.2%)
Triggered response due to IgE
Release inflammatory mediators
Pathological role in ALLERGY
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26
Q

To which leukocyte are mast cells similar?

A

Similar to Basophils

However, they are found in tissues NOT blood

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27
Q

Describe Eosinophils.

A

Granulocytes
Bi-Lobed nucleus (Neutro = multi-lobed)
Functions in IgE mediated degranulation and eradication
Numbers rise during allergic reactions
2-5% of leukocytes (N>L>M>E>B)
Eradicate LARGE, extra-cellular parasites

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28
Q

Natural Killer cells will attack cells that are lacking ____.

A

MHC

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29
Q

What do natural killers cells target?

A

Virally infected cells
Tumor cells
(cells with decreased MHC = indicate infection)

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30
Q

What are the second cells to response to “trouble”?

A

Monocytes(blood)/Macrophages(tissue)

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31
Q

Which leukocyte is important in antigen presentation and clearance of dead cells/debris?

A

Monocytes/Macrophages

contain an arsenal of lysozymes and antibiotic proteins

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32
Q

Which cells are important in linking innate to adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic Cells

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33
Q

Where are dendritic cells typically found?

A

Skin, mucosa, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

-MINOR population in the blood-

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34
Q

Dendritic cells express ________ molecules.

A

MHC II

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35
Q

Which cell type is important for internalizing/processing Ag, presenting Ag peptides to T Cells, and activating T Cells?

A

Dendritic Cells

36
Q

Which branch of the immune response is most effective?

A

Adaptive

37
Q

Lymphocytes are extremely important for ________ immunity.

A

Adaptive

  • immunologic specificity
  • immune regulation
  • immune memory (vaccinations)
38
Q

Lymphocytes produce _______ agents to attract other leukocytes and produce ________ agents to activate or deactivate other leukocytes.

A

Chemotactic

Cytokines

39
Q

Adaptive immunity is comprised of both a ________arm and a __________ arm.

A

Humoral

Cell-Mediated

40
Q

Why are both arms of adaptive immunity needed?

A

-They use different mechanisms to attack pathogens
-Effective against different microbes
(they work cooperatively)

41
Q

Humoral immunity is primarily effective against ________ _________.

A

Extracellular Microbes

42
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is primarily effective against _________ _________.

A

Intracellular Pathogens

43
Q

How do we tell immune cells apart?

A

Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Markers

44
Q

What is the CD for T cells?

A

CD3+

45
Q

What is the CD for Helper T Cells?

A

CD3+ and CD4+ = CD4+ T Cells

46
Q

What is the CD for Cytotoxic T Cells?

A

CD3+ and CD8+ = CD8+ T Cells

47
Q

What are the three types of antigens?

A

Immunogen
Tolerogen
Allergen

48
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

an antigen that elicits an immune response

49
Q

What is a tolerogen?

A

an antigen that induces immunological tolerance or immune non-responsiveness

50
Q

What is an allergen?

A

an antigen that causes an immediate hypersensitivity reaction (allergic reaction)

51
Q

What are endogenous antigens?

A

Antigens generated within the cells of the body as a result of normal metabolism or viral infection
-Presented by APCs to CD8+ T Cells

52
Q

What are exogenous antigens?

A

Antigens directly entering the body from the environment

  • inhaled (pollen), ingested (food), injected (splinter or vaccine)
  • Presented by APCs to CD4+ T Cells
53
Q

Endogenous Antigens are presented by APCs to ______ T Cells whereas Exogenous are presented to ______ T Cells.

A

CD8+

CD4+

54
Q

______ immunity develops at the site of infection, whereas ______ immunity develops in regional lymph nodes.

A

Innate

Adaptive

55
Q

Describe the steps of Lymphocyte Activation.

A
  • Microbe infects host
  • Microbe is taken up by APC at site of infection
  • APC enters lymph circulation and into LN
  • Naiive T and B Cells enter Lymph Nodes
56
Q

T Cells and B Cells are found in specific zones of a lymph node:
Lymphoid Follicle =
Parafollicular Cortex =

A

B Cell Zone

T Cell Zone

57
Q

Activation of naive lymphocytes (within lymph node) leads to clonal expansion and differentiation into ________ and ________ lymphocytes.

A

Effector

Memory

58
Q

After differentiation, effector and memory lymphocytes will enter circulation in order to reach __________.

A

The site of infection (in peripheral tissue)

59
Q

What is the difference between memory and effector lymphocytes within peripheral tissues?

A
  • Effector T Cells (and antibodies) = enter tissue and eliminate antigens
  • Memory Lymphocytes = Take up residence in tissue AND secondary lymphoid organs in preparation for the next infection
60
Q

What are the basic steps in adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Antigen Recognition
  2. Lymphocyte Activation (differentiation)
  3. Antigen Elimination (humoral or cell-mediated)
  4. Apoptosis (homeostasis)
  5. Memory
61
Q

What happens to immune cells if no antigen is being presented?

A

T Cells will leave the lymphoid organ and re-enter circulation

62
Q

What are the two physiochemical variables that control leukocyte entry into peripheral sites?

A 
Blood Flow (shear force)
Electrostatic Interactions
63
Q

Shear force (blood flow) controls leukocyte entry into peripheral tissue. Do pre- or post- capillary venules have less shear force and thin vessel walls?

A

POST- capillary venules = less shear force

64
Q

How do electrostatic interactions control leukocyte entry in peripheral sites?

A
  • There is a net negative charge on endothelia and inflammatory cells under physiological conditions (natural repulsion)
  • Injury/infection = change in charge distribution leads to electrostatic grasping
65
Q

What are the two methods for controlling leukocyte entry into peripheral sites?

A

Physiochemical Variables

Cellular Adhesion Molecules for lymphocyte homing

66
Q

Peripheral lymph nodes and Peyer’s Patches have _______ endothelial venules.

A

Thick

67
Q

Which homing receptor is used by lymph nodes to retain naive T lymphocytes?

A

L-Selectin

binds to “L-selectin Ligand” on endothelial cell

68
Q

Which homing receptors are used for adhesion of activated T lymphocytes (memory and effector) at the site of infection?

A

E-Selectin Ligand (binds E-selectin on endothelial cell)
P- Selectin Ligand (binds P-selectin on endothelial cell)

The receptor-ligand pair function as the initial weak adhesion to the cytokine activated endothelium

69
Q

The homing receptor for Naive T Cells is __________, whereas the homing receptor for Effector and Memory T Cells are __________ and ___________.

A

L-selectin
E-selectin LIGAND
P-selectin LIGAND

70
Q

Integrins and Selectin Ligands are attached to the _______ which will “roll” until it finds the matching _____ and ________.

A

Integrin Ligands and Selectin

71
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

Activate integrins

Recruit cells to the site of infection

72
Q

Once a leukocyte forms stable receptor-ligand pairs with the endothelial cells it will ______ .

A

Migrate through the endothelium

73
Q

What are scavenger receptors?

A

A group of receptors that widely recognize and uptake macromolecules having a negative charge as well as modified LDL (unique to microbes)

74
Q

What are N-formyl-mehtionyl receptors?

A

Receptors that bind N-formyl peptides produced by the degradation of either bacterial or host cells. Hence formyl peptide receptors are involved in mediating immune cell response to infection

75
Q

Name three important receptors on innate immune cells.

A

N-formyl-methionyl receptor
Mannose receptor
Scavenger receptor

76
Q

How do cells of the innate immune response detect antigen?

A

Extracellular Surface TLRs

Intracellular Endosomal TLRs

77
Q

Toll-like receptors are also known as ______.

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors

78
Q

What is the function of TLRs?

A

They recognize molecules (PAMPs) that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules.

79
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system

80
Q

What is the immune consequence of TLR recognition of a PAMP?

A
  1. Recruitment of adapter proteins
  2. Recruitment and Activation of protein kinases
  3. Activation of transcription factors
  4. Gene transcription
  5. Expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, endothelial adhesion molecules, costimulatory molecules, and antiviral cytokines
81
Q

The TLR signaling cascade involves _______, ______, and ________.

A

Adaptor Proteins
Protein Kinases
Transcription Factor

82
Q

Cells of the adaptive immune response are _______ specific.

A

Antigen

83
Q

How do cells of the adaptive immune response recognize antigens?

A

T Cell Receptors (TCR) bind to the antigen and MHC*

*MHC I or MHC II

84
Q

Which MHC molecule is recognized by CD4+ T Cells?

A

MHC II

85
Q

Which MHC moles is recognized by CD8+ T Cells?

A

MHC I

86
Q

Accessory receptors of the adaptive immune response are important for ________.

A

Signal Transduction

87
Q

What are the three important Accessory Receptors involved in the adaptive immune response?

A

NFAT
NF-kB
AP-1

Sp 15-Micro Final (12 decks)

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