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Sp 15-Micro Final > Cytokines, Chemokines, and their Receptors > Flashcards

Cytokines, Chemokines, and their Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins secreted by cells that mediate the function of the immune system.

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2
Q

______ are necessary for leukocyte activation

A

Cytokines

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3
Q

True or false: All cells of innate and adaptive immunity produce cytokines.

A

True

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4
Q

The term _______ refers to the fact that many proteins are produced by one immune cell to act on neighboring cells (i.e: between cells).

A

Interleukin

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5
Q

True or False: Cytokines are stored in the body.

A

False, if needed cytokines will be made from mRNA and the secretion will be brief and self-limited

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6
Q

What are the six general properties of cytokines?

A
  1. Secretion is brief and self-limited
  2. Action is pleiotropic and redundant
  3. They influence each other
  4. Can act locally and systemically
  5. Initiate actions by binding to specific membrane-bound receptors
  6. Receptor ligation leads to gene expression which alters cellular function
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7
Q

Cytokines are ____ or _____ with each other.

A

synergistic

antagonistic

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8
Q

An example of cytokine antagonism is the case of _____ and ____ which Activate and Inhibit macrophages (respectively).

A

IFN-gamma (activates)

IL-10 (inhibits)

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9
Q

_____ and ____ act in synergy to increase the expression of class I MHC molecules.

A

IFN-gamma

TNF

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10
Q

Which interleukin(s) is(are) important for cell proliferation?

A

IL-2*****

IL-4

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11
Q

IL-4 acts on CD4+ cells to differentiate helper T cells into TH____ and IL-4 also leads to production of Ig___. This is an example of cytokine pleiotropism (multiple effects)

A

T helper 2 cells

IgE

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12
Q

IL-12 induces ______ which will lead to the killing of phagocytosed microbes. This is an example of how cytokines influence each other.

A

IFN-gamma

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13
Q

Cytokines can act locally and systemically through ______, ________, and _______ signaling.

A

Autocrine (target site on same cell; IL-2)
Paracrine (secretory cell acts on adjacent cell; MOST)
Endocrine (secretion into blood targets distant cell=chemokines)

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14
Q

Cytokines will act as endocrine signals only when there is a _____ concentration.

A

High

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15
Q

TNF and IL-1 act on blood vessels and neutrophils to mediate inflammation. This is an example of cytokine activity in the _____ immune system.

A

Innate

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16
Q

IFN-gamma activates _____ in both innate and adaptive immunity.

A

macrophages

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17
Q

Antibody secretion and isotype switching of the adaptive immune system is mediated by _____, _____, and IFN-gamma.

A

IL-2

IL-4

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18
Q

Cytokines primarily involved in innate immunity will typically impact ________.

A

Inflammation

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19
Q

TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN are _____-inflammatory cytokines.

A

Proinflammatory

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20
Q

IL-10 and TGF-beta are _____-inflammatory cytokines.

A

Anti-inflammatory

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21
Q

Which cytokine is the principal mediator of the acute inflammatory response to gram-negative bacteria, endotoxic shock, and chronic inflammatory conditions?

A

TNF-alpha

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22
Q

What are the five primary sources of TNF-alpha?

A 
Monocytes
Macrophages
NK Cells
Dendritic Cells
T Cells
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23
Q

TNF-alpha can increase the expression of ____ (first) and ____ (later) on leukocytes.

A 
selectin ligands (first)
integrins (later)
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24
Q

During acute inflammation, TNF-alpha increases the expression of the integrin ligands: ____ and ____.

A

VCAM-1

ICAM-1

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25
Q

True or False: TNF-alpha can have detrimental and beneficial effects.

A

True

  • Local inflammation (low quantities)
  • Systemic effects (moderate)
  • Septic Shock (high concentration)
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26
Q

True or False: IL-1 has two forms and two receptors.

A

False: IL-1 has two forms (alpha and beta) but they share an IL-1 receptor.

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27
Q

Primary producers of IL-1 are ______ and _______.

A 
Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes/macrophages, DC)
Neutrophils
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28
Q

_____ shares many of the same effects as TNF-alpha but is short-lived and at the site of infection; whereas TNF is more systemic.

A

IL-1

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29
Q

Which proinflammatory cytokine is primarily involved with induction of the acute phase response and increases levels of C-reactive Protein in the liver?

A

IL-6

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30
Q

CRP is synthesized by the _______ and will opsonize bacteria or activate the complement cascade in response to IL-6 released from macrophages and T cells.

A

liver

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31
Q

From which two cells is IL-6 primarily released?

A

Macrophages

T Cells

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32
Q

What are the “big 3” pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

TNF-alpha
IL-1
IL-6

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33
Q

During an infection, symptoms such as sleepiness, fever, altered mood, and decreased appetite are due to which two interleukins?

A

IL-1

IL-6

34
Q

The immune system communicates with the brain through the production of ________.

A

Cytokines (chemokines)

35
Q

What is the primary mediator of innate immune responses to intracellular pathogens?

A

IL-12

36
Q

Which helper T cell is important for the adaptive immune response appropriate for INTRAcellular pathogens?

A

Type 1 (Th1)

37
Q

Th1 is associated with ____infections; whereas Th2 is association with _____ infections.

A
  1. Viral (intracellular) = cell-mediated

2. Parasites/bacteria (extracellular) = humoral

38
Q

True or False: Activation of macrophages is important for innate immunity and IL-12 activates macrophages.

A

False: macrophages ARE important for innate immunity but IL-12 does NOT activate macrophages.

39
Q

How is IL-12 involved in macrophage activation?

A

IL-12 does not activate macrophages directly**

  • IL-12 activates Th1 , NK, and CD8+ cells
  • These cells secrete IFN-gamma
  • IFN-gamma activates macrophages
40
Q

IL-12 initiates secretion of ____ to activate macrophages.

A

IFN-gamma

41
Q

In the adaptive immune system, which cytokine is primarily involved with Th1 immunity?

A

IFN-gamma

42
Q

In the adaptive immune system, which cytokines are primarily involved with Th2 immunity?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

43
Q

Which cytokine is need for growth, survival, and differentiation of T cells (both T helper and Cytotoxic)?

A

IL-2

44
Q

Clonal expansion is dependent on ____.

A

IL-2

45
Q

IL-2 is produced by _____ Cells (aka: T helper cells)

A

CD4+T Cells

46
Q

Adaptive immunity most effective against extracellular pathogens involves antibodies produced by ____, ____, and _______.

A

B Cells
Mast Cells
Eosinophils

47
Q

Th1 is most effective against which type of pathogen?

A

Intracellular

48
Q

Th2 is most effective against which type of pathogen?

A

Extracellular

49
Q

Th1 cells and immunity against intracellular pathogens involve which two cell types?

A

Macrophages

Cytotoxic T Cells

50
Q

Biological functions of IFN-gamma are to activate ______, increase _____ expression for antigen presentation, increase production of ______antibodies, and enhance ____ activity.

A

macrophages
MHC
opsonizing
microbicidal

51
Q

What are the three important Th2 cytokines?

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13

52
Q

What is the key Th2 cytokine that induces naive Th cells to differentiate into Th2 and is the primary stimulus for Ig class switching to IgE?

A

IL-4

53
Q

Ig class switching to IgE is stimulated by _____.

A

IL-4

54
Q

Which interleukin is very similar to IL-4 (induces isotype switching to IgE) and stimulates mucous production in the gut/lung?

A

IL-13

55
Q

____ can facilitate inflammation by increasing adhesion molecule and chemokine expression.

A

IL-13

56
Q

IL-4 stimulates ______ production from B cells; whereas, IL-5 activates ________ for removal of parasites.

A

antibody

eosinophils

57
Q

Which interleukin is important for differentiation, proliferation, and activation of eosinophils?

A

IL-5

58
Q

Which cytokines are involved in allergic responses?

A

IL-5 and other Th2 cytokines

*induction of mucous secretions (IL-13) in airways and airway constriction from eosinophil degranulation (IL-5)

59
Q

How do you control an inflammatory response?

A

Inhibitory cytokine IL-10 inhibits production of IL-12

60
Q

Why is it important to inhibit IL-12 production when attempting to control the inflammatory response?

A

IL-12 stimulates IFN-gamma secretion which activates macrophages to kill microbes
IL-12 increases cytotoxic activity that kills infected cells

61
Q

____ inhibits _____ to control inflammation.

A

IL-10

IL-12

62
Q

_____ are chemotactic cytokines that work primarily in paracrine or endocrine manner.

A

Chemokines

63
Q

What are small, soluble proteins that regulate migration of cells to peripheral tissues or lymph nodes?

A

Chemokines

64
Q

Classification of chemokines is based on the number and location of N-terminal ______ residues.

A

cysteine

CXC, CC, C, CX3C chemokines

65
Q

True or False: Chemokine subclasses have the same name as their receptors.

A

True:
CC chemokines –> CC chemokine receptors
CCL2-CCR2
CXCL1-CXCR1

66
Q

Chemokine receptors can be found on many different cell types and can be _____.

A

Promiscuous

e.g: CCR1 could bind to CCL3, CCL5, CCL6

67
Q

Activated cells follow a chemokine _______.

A

gradient

68
Q

How many receptor families are there for cytokines and chemokines?

A

Five

69
Q

Cytokine/Chemokine receptor families are distinguished by extracellular ______ domains and intracellular ____ domains.

A

Binding

Signaling

70
Q

What are the five cytokine/chemokine receptor families?

A 
Type I cytokine receptors
Type II cytokine receptors
TNF receptors
IL-1 receptors
G-protein coupled receptors
71
Q

Type I cytokine receptors (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13) signal via _______ cascades.

A

Jak-STAT

72
Q

Type II cytokine receptors (IFN-gamma, IL-10) are similar to Type I except that cytokine ____ domains differ.

A

binding

73
Q

Which receptor family can induce multiple signaling cascades, can lead to transcription factor expression, or apoptosis?

A

TNF Receptor “Superfamily”

74
Q

Which receptor family is similar to Toll-Like Receptors (Tir) and activates IRAK to start the signaling cascade?

A

IL-1 Receptor Family

75
Q

What is Tir?

A

Toll-like IL-1 Receptor domain: A conserved cytosolic sequence that activates IRAK–>signaling cascade

76
Q

Which receptor family has 7 transmembrane receptors that are used for chemokines and initiate a rapid, transient signaling cascade?

A

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

77
Q

Which cytokines bind to Type I Receptors?

A 
IL-2
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-12
IL-13
78
Q

Which cytokines bind to Type II Receptors?

A

IFN-gamma

IL-10

79
Q

Which cytokines bind to TNF Receptors?

A

TNF-alpha

Growth Factors

80
Q

Which cytokine binds to IL-1 Receptors?

A

IL-1

81
Q

Which cytokines bind to G-Protein-Coupled Receptors?

A

CHEMOKINES

Sp 15-Micro Final (12 decks)

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