Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Sp 15-Micro Final > Cytokines, Chemokines, and their Receptors > Flashcards

Cytokines, Chemokines, and their Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins secreted by cells that mediate the function of the immune system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

______ are necessary for leukocyte activation

A

Cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or false: All cells of innate and adaptive immunity produce cytokines.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The term _______ refers to the fact that many proteins are produced by one immune cell to act on neighboring cells (i.e: between cells).

A

Interleukin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or False: Cytokines are stored in the body.

A

False, if needed cytokines will be made from mRNA and the secretion will be brief and self-limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the six general properties of cytokines?

A
  1. Secretion is brief and self-limited
  2. Action is pleiotropic and redundant
  3. They influence each other
  4. Can act locally and systemically
  5. Initiate actions by binding to specific membrane-bound receptors
  6. Receptor ligation leads to gene expression which alters cellular function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cytokines are ____ or _____ with each other.

A

synergistic

antagonistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

An example of cytokine antagonism is the case of _____ and ____ which Activate and Inhibit macrophages (respectively).

A

IFN-gamma (activates)

IL-10 (inhibits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_____ and ____ act in synergy to increase the expression of class I MHC molecules.

A

IFN-gamma

TNF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which interleukin(s) is(are) important for cell proliferation?

A

IL-2*****

IL-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

IL-4 acts on CD4+ cells to differentiate helper T cells into TH____ and IL-4 also leads to production of Ig___. This is an example of cytokine pleiotropism (multiple effects)

A

T helper 2 cells

IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

IL-12 induces ______ which will lead to the killing of phagocytosed microbes. This is an example of how cytokines influence each other.

A

IFN-gamma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytokines can act locally and systemically through ______, ________, and _______ signaling.

A

Autocrine (target site on same cell; IL-2)
Paracrine (secretory cell acts on adjacent cell; MOST)
Endocrine (secretion into blood targets distant cell=chemokines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cytokines will act as endocrine signals only when there is a _____ concentration.

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

TNF and IL-1 act on blood vessels and neutrophils to mediate inflammation. This is an example of cytokine activity in the _____ immune system.

A

Innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

IFN-gamma activates _____ in both innate and adaptive immunity.

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antibody secretion and isotype switching of the adaptive immune system is mediated by _____, _____, and IFN-gamma.

A

IL-2

IL-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cytokines primarily involved in innate immunity will typically impact ________.

A

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN are _____-inflammatory cytokines.

A

Proinflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

IL-10 and TGF-beta are _____-inflammatory cytokines.

A

Anti-inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which cytokine is the principal mediator of the acute inflammatory response to gram-negative bacteria, endotoxic shock, and chronic inflammatory conditions?

A

TNF-alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the five primary sources of TNF-alpha?

A 
Monocytes
Macrophages
NK Cells
Dendritic Cells
T Cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

TNF-alpha can increase the expression of ____ (first) and ____ (later) on leukocytes.

A 
selectin ligands (first)
integrins (later)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

During acute inflammation, TNF-alpha increases the expression of the integrin ligands: ____ and ____.

A

VCAM-1

ICAM-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
True or False: TNF-alpha can have detrimental and beneficial effects.
True - Local inflammation (low quantities) - Systemic effects (moderate) - Septic Shock (high concentration)
26
True or False: IL-1 has two forms and two receptors.
False: IL-1 has two forms (alpha and beta) but they share an IL-1 receptor.
27
Primary producers of IL-1 are ______ and _______.
``` Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes/macrophages, DC) Neutrophils ```
28
_____ shares many of the same effects as TNF-alpha but is short-lived and at the site of infection; whereas TNF is more systemic.
IL-1
29
Which proinflammatory cytokine is primarily involved with induction of the acute phase response and increases levels of C-reactive Protein in the liver?
IL-6
30
CRP is synthesized by the _______ and will opsonize bacteria or activate the complement cascade in response to IL-6 released from macrophages and T cells.
liver
31
From which two cells is IL-6 primarily released?
Macrophages | T Cells
32
What are the "big 3" pro-inflammatory cytokines?
TNF-alpha IL-1 IL-6
33
During an infection, symptoms such as sleepiness, fever, altered mood, and decreased appetite are due to which two interleukins?
IL-1 | IL-6
34
The immune system communicates with the brain through the production of ________.
Cytokines (chemokines)
35
What is the primary mediator of innate immune responses to intracellular pathogens?
IL-12
36
Which helper T cell is important for the adaptive immune response appropriate for INTRAcellular pathogens?
Type 1 (Th1)
37
Th1 is associated with ____infections; whereas Th2 is association with _____ infections.
1. Viral (intracellular) = cell-mediated | 2. Parasites/bacteria (extracellular) = humoral
38
True or False: Activation of macrophages is important for innate immunity and IL-12 activates macrophages.
False: macrophages ARE important for innate immunity but IL-12 does NOT activate macrophages.
39
How is IL-12 involved in macrophage activation?
IL-12 does not activate macrophages directly** - IL-12 activates Th1 , NK, and CD8+ cells - These cells secrete IFN-gamma - IFN-gamma activates macrophages
40
IL-12 initiates secretion of ____ to activate macrophages.
IFN-gamma
41
In the adaptive immune system, which cytokine is primarily involved with Th1 immunity?
IFN-gamma
42
In the adaptive immune system, which cytokines are primarily involved with Th2 immunity?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
43
Which cytokine is need for growth, survival, and differentiation of T cells (both T helper and Cytotoxic)?
IL-2
44
Clonal expansion is dependent on ____.
IL-2
45
IL-2 is produced by _____ Cells (aka: T helper cells)
CD4+T Cells
46
Adaptive immunity most effective against extracellular pathogens involves antibodies produced by ____, ____, and _______.
B Cells Mast Cells Eosinophils
47
Th1 is most effective against which type of pathogen?
Intracellular
48
Th2 is most effective against which type of pathogen?
Extracellular
49
Th1 cells and immunity against intracellular pathogens involve which two cell types?
Macrophages | Cytotoxic T Cells
50
Biological functions of IFN-gamma are to activate ______, increase _____ expression for antigen presentation, increase production of ______antibodies, and enhance ____ activity.
macrophages MHC opsonizing microbicidal
51
What are the three important Th2 cytokines?
IL-4 IL-5 IL-13
52
What is the key Th2 cytokine that induces naive Th cells to differentiate into Th2 and is the primary stimulus for Ig class switching to IgE?
IL-4
53
Ig class switching to IgE is stimulated by _____.
IL-4
54
Which interleukin is very similar to IL-4 (induces isotype switching to IgE) and stimulates mucous production in the gut/lung?
IL-13
55
____ can facilitate inflammation by increasing adhesion molecule and chemokine expression.
IL-13
56
IL-4 stimulates ______ production from B cells; whereas, IL-5 activates ________ for removal of parasites.
antibody | eosinophils
57
Which interleukin is important for differentiation, proliferation, and activation of eosinophils?
IL-5
58
Which cytokines are involved in allergic responses?
IL-5 and other Th2 cytokines | *induction of mucous secretions (IL-13) in airways and airway constriction from eosinophil degranulation (IL-5)
59
How do you control an inflammatory response?
Inhibitory cytokine IL-10 inhibits production of IL-12
60
Why is it important to inhibit IL-12 production when attempting to control the inflammatory response?
IL-12 stimulates IFN-gamma secretion which activates macrophages to kill microbes IL-12 increases cytotoxic activity that kills infected cells
61
____ inhibits _____ to control inflammation.
IL-10 | IL-12
62
_____ are chemotactic cytokines that work primarily in paracrine or endocrine manner.
Chemokines
63
What are small, soluble proteins that regulate migration of cells to peripheral tissues or lymph nodes?
Chemokines
64
Classification of chemokines is based on the number and location of N-terminal ______ residues.
cysteine | CXC, CC, C, CX3C chemokines
65
True or False: Chemokine subclasses have the same name as their receptors.
True: CC chemokines --> CC chemokine receptors CCL2-CCR2 CXCL1-CXCR1
66
Chemokine receptors can be found on many different cell types and can be _____.
Promiscuous | e.g: CCR1 could bind to CCL3, CCL5, CCL6
67
Activated cells follow a chemokine _______.
gradient
68
How many receptor families are there for cytokines and chemokines?
Five
69
Cytokine/Chemokine receptor families are distinguished by extracellular ______ domains and intracellular ____ domains.
Binding | Signaling
70
What are the five cytokine/chemokine receptor families?
``` Type I cytokine receptors Type II cytokine receptors TNF receptors IL-1 receptors G-protein coupled receptors ```
71
Type I cytokine receptors (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13) signal via _______ cascades.
Jak-STAT
72
Type II cytokine receptors (IFN-gamma, IL-10) are similar to Type I except that cytokine ____ domains differ.
binding
73
Which receptor family can induce multiple signaling cascades, can lead to transcription factor expression, or apoptosis?
TNF Receptor "Superfamily"
74
Which receptor family is similar to Toll-Like Receptors (Tir) and activates IRAK to start the signaling cascade?
IL-1 Receptor Family
75
What is Tir?
Toll-like IL-1 Receptor domain: A conserved cytosolic sequence that activates IRAK-->signaling cascade
76
Which receptor family has 7 transmembrane receptors that are used for chemokines and initiate a rapid, transient signaling cascade?
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
77
Which cytokines bind to Type I Receptors?
``` IL-2 IL-4 IL-5 IL-6 IL-12 IL-13 ```
78
Which cytokines bind to Type II Receptors?
IFN-gamma | IL-10
79
Which cytokines bind to TNF Receptors?
TNF-alpha | Growth Factors
80
Which cytokine binds to IL-1 Receptors?
IL-1
81
Which cytokines bind to G-Protein-Coupled Receptors?
CHEMOKINES

Sp 15-Micro Final (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions