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Sp 15-Micro Final > Antibodies, Antibody Diversity, and T Cell Development > Flashcards

Antibodies, Antibody Diversity, and T Cell Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Anything that can be SPECIFICALLY bound by cells of the adaptive immune system (B Cell receptor, T Cell receptor)

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2
Q

Which cells bind in a specific manner to antigen?

A

Lymphocytes

  • B Cells
  • T Cells
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3
Q

Recognition of antigen by B cell receptors will result in ______ secretion by ______ and development of immunological _______.

A

Antibody
Plasma Cells
memory

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4
Q

Recognition of antigen by T cell receptors will result in T cell activation which will secrete _____ or become ____ cells.

A

cytokines

Natural Killer

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5
Q

What are the two forms of antibody?

A
  1. Membrane bound (b cell receptor)

2. Secreted

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6
Q

What are four functions of antibodies?

A
  1. Antigen Recognition
  2. Direct antigen neutralization
  3. Opsonization
  4. Activation of the complement cascade (results in lysis)
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7
Q

____cells do NOT require antigen presentation, ___ cells do (MHC).

A

B

T (MHC)

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8
Q

Where do B cells complete their maturation?

A

Bone marrow

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9
Q

Where do T cells complete their maturation?

A

Thymus

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10
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Production of RBCs, Platelets, and WBCs from bone marrow:
Stem Cell –> common myeloid progenitor, common lymphoid progenitor
CMP–>basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte
CLP–> B lymphocytes, T Lymphocytes

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11
Q

True or False: These stages of maturation [Stem Cell->ProLymphocyte-> PreLymphocyte-> Immature Lymphocyte] will occur without antigen presence.

A

True

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12
Q

The lymphocyte will go from immature to mature when ______ is present in the bone marrow.

A

Self-antigen

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13
Q

The lymphocyte will change from “mature” into a “differentiated effector” when _____ is present. This occurs in _____ _______ organs or tissue.

A

Foreign Antigen

peripheral lymphoid

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14
Q

Lymphocytes with high avidity for self-antigen will result in ______ selection.

A

Negative (removal)

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15
Q

Low avidity interactions with self-antigen will result in _____ selection of lymphocytes.

A

Positive (clonal expansion/differentiation)

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16
Q

What are the primary functions of Antibodies?

A
  1. Ag binding and recognition

2. Trigger the elimination of foreign Ag

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17
Q

True or False: Binding alone may be sufficient for Ab to neutralize Ag.

A

True

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18
Q

If antibody triggers the elimination of Ag, what are the three possible mechanisms?

A
  1. Cell Lysis (through activation of complement)
  2. Phagocytosis (after opsonization)
  3. NK mediated cytotoxicity
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19
Q

What are the two fragments of an antibody?

A

Fab (highly variable, antigen-binding fragment)

Fc (crystallized fragment)

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20
Q

Describe the four chain structure of an antibody.

A

2 identical heavy chains (spanning Fab and Fc)

2 Identical light chains (spanning Fab only)

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21
Q

Differences in antibodies exist within the _____ chains.

A

Heavy

22
Q

How are heavy chains indicated when listing different immunoglobulins?

A

The letter following “Ig”

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG

23
Q

Which immunoglobulin is found in mucosal areas? How many types are there?

A

IgA

Two types: bound and secreted

24
Q

Which immunoglobulin has four types?

A

IgG

25
Q

Which immunoglobulin is involved in allergic responses (histamine release) and parasitic infections?

A

IgE

26
Q

Which immunoglobulin is found circulating in the highest levels and is capable of crossing the placenta?

A

IgG

27
Q

Which immunoglobulin indicates an early stage of infection?

A

IgM

28
Q

Which immunoglobulin activates basophils and mast cells?

A

IgD

29
Q

Early stages of infection will involve the presence of ____ and ____.

A

IgD

IgM**first

30
Q

Presence of ____ indicates late stages of infection.

A

IgG

31
Q

Fab arms are linked to Fc by an extended region of polypeptide chain known as the _____.

A

Hinge

32
Q

What are the two forms of light chains?

A

Kappa

Lambda

33
Q

How many subclasses of heavy chains are there?

A

four

y1, y2, y3, y4

34
Q

Antigens bind to the _______ regions of an antibody.

A

Hypervariable (CDR)

[complementary determing region]

35
Q

By what mechanism does the body make so many different antibodies?

A

VDJ Rearrangement

36
Q

The human heavy chain variable region is constructed of ____ gene segments; the light chain variable region is constructed by the joining of ____ gene segments.

A

Three (VDJ)

Two (VJ)

37
Q

What are the three gene segments associated with heavy chain variability?

A

V (variable)
D (diversity) <–not present in light chain
J (joining)

38
Q

What is “the creation of antibody diversity through the joining of various gene segments”?

A

V(D)J Recombination

39
Q

What is somatic mutation?

A

After antigen stimulation, the VDJ genes in B cells can make single base changes that increase the affinity of antibody (affinity maturation)

40
Q

Where does somatic hypermutation usually occur?

A

the hypervariable region (CDR)

41
Q

BCR on a naive B cell can only be ____ or ____.

A

IgM

IgD

42
Q

A plasma cell CAN secrete all of the antibody isotypes but a PARTICULAR plasma cell will secrete ______.

A

ONE form of antibody

43
Q

_____ ______ allows for the generation of multiple antibody isotypes with the same Ag specificity.

A

Class Switching

44
Q

Once a plasma cell is determined to be a particular antibody type, the other genes are removed via a ________ process.

A

Loop and Cut

45
Q

T cells mound an immune response against ______ antigens.

A

Non-self

46
Q

When T cells leave the bone marrow, the do not have a ____ and will acquire one in the thymus.

A

TCR

47
Q

Those T lymphocytes that do not bind MHC through their TCR are destined for _______ .

A

Apoptosis

48
Q

Low avidity interaction with self-antigen results in positive selection within the ______ region of the thymus.

A

Cortical

49
Q

High avidity interaction with self-antigen results in negative selection within the _____ region of the thymus.

A

Medullary

50
Q

In order for T cells to expand and differentiate, what are the two requirements?

A
  1. Bind self-antigen at LOW-avidity

2. Bind MHC

51
Q

A T cell is destined for apoptotic cell death if it has a “lack of positive selection” because _______ or if it has “negative selection” because ________.

A

lack +selection = cannot recognize MHC

- selection = binds self at high avidity

52
Q

A T cell is rescued from apoptotic cell death if _______.

A

The thymocyte recognizes MHC and engages in a low avidity interaction (positive selection)

Sp 15-Micro Final (12 decks)

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