Intro to Immunity Flashcards
What is Innate Immunity
a response that is the same whether or now the pathogen has been encountered before
True or False: Invertebrates rely solely on innate immunity
True! The cells are capable of ingestion and digestion of foreign substances
Vertebrates have both ___ and ___ immunity
innate and adaptive immunity
What are the two barriers / defenses in innate immunity?
External Barriers and Internal Defenses
What system does Innate and adaptive immunity share?
The lymphatic system
What are the two key pieces of Adaptive immunity?
Antibodies
Lymphocytes
What three parts make up the Physical Barrier (First Line of Defense)?
Epithelium
Glandular Secretions
internal epithelia
What are the three parts of Non-Specific Defenses (Second-Line of Defense)
Phagocytes
Inflammation
Fever
What is Phagocytes
white blood cells that ingest particles, parts of cells, entire cells
What are the two classes of Phagocytes?
Microphages
Macrophages
What is Inflammation triggered by?
damage to loose connective tissue or cell death
What do Mast cells secrete when triggered by Inflammation?
histamine and heparin
What triggers a fever?
macrophages pathogens, bacterial toxins
What is the Specific Types of Defense (Third Line of Defense)
Natural Killer cells (lymphocytes) & other
What is the purpose of the Third line of Defense?
recognize and destroy cells bearing abnormal antigens
What are Interferons
Small proteins released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, an infected cells
What are the three parts of the Lymphatic system?
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
lymph
What is the purpose of Lymphatic vessels
collect fluid from body tissues
What is the fluid collected by Lymphatic vessels returned as?
lymph to blood
What are Lymph organs ‘packed’ with?
white blood cells
What does Circulating Lymph do?
Collect microbes and transports them to lymphatic organs
What are antigens
Foreign molecules recognized by our immune systems
True or False: Adaptive immune systems are only found in vertebrates?
True!
What triggers active immunity?
infection or vaccination
What is a vaccination (immunization?)
harmless variant or part of a disease-causing microbe
What are the two types of Lymphocytes
B Lymphoctes (B cells)
T lymphocytes (T cells)
What are Lymphocytes responsible for?
adaptive immunity
What are lymphocytes?
white blood cells that spend most of time in tissues and organs of lymphatic system
What do B cells participate in?
humoral immune response
B cells secrete what into the blood and lymoh
B cells secrete antibodies
What do T cells participate in?
cell-mediated immune response
T cells attack what?
cells infected with bacteria or viruses
Antigen activates a small subset of what?
lymphocytes
What are the three cell types in Clonal selection?
Effector cells
memory cells
plasma cells
What are the two key features of Primary immune response?
occurs on first encounter to an antigen
slower than secondary immune response
What are the two key features of Secondary immune response?
occurs upon second exposure to an antigen
faster and stronger than a primary immune response
What are the three steps of Helper T cells?
- Receptors recognize self-nonself complexes
- Interaction activates helper T cells
- cytotoxic T cells attack body cells that are infected with pathogens and B cells
True or False: Cytotoxic T cells are one of many cells that can kill infected cells
False! Cytotoxic cells bind to infected body cells and destroy them
When does Autoimmune diseases occur?
when immune system turns against the body’s own molecules
What is the two-stage reaction that creates the symptoms of an allergy?
- sensitization occurs when person is first exposed to allergen
- begins when person is exposed to the same allergen later
