Intro to Immune Flashcards

1
Q

a. Humoral immunity

A

i. Mediated by proteins called antibodies which are produced by cells called B lymphocytes
ii. Cannot gain access to microbes that live and divide inside infected cells
1. Complement, acute-phase proteins, and natural Abs which are generated against Ags derived from normal gastrointestinal microflora rather than being produced in response to an infection.
2. Ex: C-reactive protein
3. Opsonization with CRP promotes the uptake of cells by phagocytes

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2
Q

b. Cell-mediated immunity

A

i. Mediated by T lymphocytes
ii. Activate phagocytes to destroy microbes that have been ingested by the phagocytes into intracellular vesicles
1. Multiple cell types that use a set of specific receptors to recognize and remove pathogens and cellular debris
2. Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages are Phagocytes
3. Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils are essential components host defenses against multiple parasites and allergies
4. Natural Killer (NK) cells play a key role in the elimination of infected and malignant cells, cause destruction by apoptotic mechanisms

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3
Q

Natural Immunity

A

i. Person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops an infection, recovers from the disease, and becomes immune
ii. Takes several weeks to develop, but provides a long lasting protection

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4
Q

Artificial (Active) immunity

A

i. Exposure to killed or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms without contracting an infection
ii. Provides a long lasting protection but takes several weeks to obtain
iii. Used only for prophylactics of infectious diseases

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5
Q

Passive Immunity

A

i. Patient is given someone else’s Abs as a therapeutic treatment of the ongoing infection
ii. Short lived, but helps protect right away

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6
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

i. Result of specific memory is that re-exposure to the same stimulus as well as or instead of eliminating the stimulus, has unpleasant or damaging effects on the body’s own tissues

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7
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

i. Stimulating a response to the body’s own structures

ii. Attacked as if they are foreign

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8
Q

Immune Deficiency

A

i. Absence of one or more elements of the immune system

ii. Can be congenital or acquired after birth

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9
Q

+G-CSF

A

Myeloblast→basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils (granulocytes)

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10
Q

+M-CSF

A

Monoblast→Monocytes, Dendritic cells

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11
Q

T cell Key Markers

A

CD3, CD4, CD8

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12
Q

B cell Key Markers

A

CD19, CD20

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13
Q

NK Cell Key Markers

A

CD56

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14
Q

Macrophage/Monocyte Markers

A

CD14

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15
Q

Phagocytes

A

i. Neutrophils and macrophages
ii. Ingest and destroy microbes
iii. Steps in response
1. Recruitment of cells to the sites of infection
2. Recognition of and activation by microbes
3. Ingestion of the microbes
4. Destruction of ingested microbes
iv. Secrete cytokines which promote and regulate immune responses

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16
Q

Dendritic Cells

A
  1. Originate from monocytes or from IFN
  2. Langerhans cells residing in epidermis of the skin is a subset
    vi. Tissue-resident macrophages are long-lived cells derived from a transient hematopoietic progenitors emerging in the yolk sac
17
Q

vi. Mast cells and basophils both contain

A
  1. Histamine, serotonin, heparin
  2. cytokines and chemokines
  3. basophilic purple granules
18
Q

acute inflammation

A
o	Tumor (swelling)
o	Rubor (redness)
o	Calor (heat)
o	Dolor (pain)
o	Function laesa (loss of function)
19
Q

What can induce a fever?

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-6

20
Q

PAMPs

A
  • Indicators of the presence of particular pathogens
  • Unique to particular classes of pathogens
  • Cannot be altered, suppressed, or hidden from the surface
  • No structural similarity with self Ags
  • Ex: Porins, Lipoproteins, Liposaccharides, Lipoteichoic acid, teichoic acid, mannoproteins, beta-glycan, lipoarabinomannan
21
Q

IFN alpha/beta

A

o Block viral replication within host cells
o Induce expression of proteins that interfere with virus replication
o Activates nuclease ribonuclease L which then mediates viral RNA degradation
o Activate NK cells to enhance cytotoxicity

22
Q

Natural killer cells

A

o Kill virus-infected cells
o Ability is inversely related to expression of MHC class 1 on the target cells
o Recognize ligands on infected cells or cells undergoing other types of stress
o Secrete IFN-gamma so macrophages kill phagocytized microbes

23
Q

Pneumococci microbial evasion

A

Polysaccharide inhibits phagocytosis

24
Q

Staphylococci microbial evasion

A

production of catalase, breakdown of reactive oxygen

25
Q

Neisseria meningitidis microbial evasion

A

sialic acid expression inhibits C3 and C5 convertases

26
Q

Streptococci microbial evasion

A

blocks binding of C3 to organism and C3b to receptor

27
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Synthesis of modified LPS that resists peptide antibiotics