intro to hematologic malignancies

Question 1

derived from cells in the bone marrow or lymphoid tissue

Answer 1

hematologic malignancies

Question 2

Neoplastic transformation occurs when

Answer 2

acquired genetic alterations result in derangement of normal cell division and survival

Question 3

acute leukemia arises from

Answer 3

immature progenitors

Question 4

chronic leukemia arises from

Answer 4

mature/committed progenitors

Question 5

factors associated with development of hematologic malignancies (4)

Answer 5

1. genetic diseases
2. chemicals/solvents
3. chemo drugs
4. radiation

Question 6

genetic diseases associated with hema. malignancies

Answer 6

Down, Klinefelter, Bloom, Wiskott-Aldrich syndromes, Fanconi Anemia,
Neurofibromatosis, Ataxia Telangectasia a/w leukemia

Question 7

Infections Associated with Development of Hematologic Malignancies:

African Burkitt Lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 7

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Question 8

Infections Associated with Development of Hematologic Malignancies:

cause of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

Answer 8

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV):

Question 9

Infections Associated with Development of Hematologic Malignancies:

Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma

Answer 9

Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8):

Question 10

Infections Associated with Development of Hematologic Malignancies:

B cell lymphoma

Answer 10

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV):

Question 11

Infections Associated with Development of Hematologic Malignancies:

gastric mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma

Answer 11

Helicobacter pylori

Question 12

Genes that are involved with cancer development can be divided in to two groups:

Answer 12

1. oncogenes

2. tumor suppressor genes

Question 13

oncogenes result in

Answer 13

gain of function mutations where cells designated for apoptosis survive and proliferate

Question 14

when can oncogenes occur

Answer 14

translocations, point mutations or duplications

Question 15

Translocations often result in constitutively active________ which produce proliferation signals

Answer 15

tyrosine kinases

Question 16

High frequency of translocations in hematologic malignancies

Answer 16

yep

Question 17

tumor supressor genes are know as _______ and they lead to _______ mutations

Answer 17

they are the gate-keepers genes that regulate cell growth and lead to loss of function mutations

Question 18

mutations in tumor suppressor genes often occur through ______ or ______. _____ is the most significant tumor suppressor gene

Answer 18

occur through point mutations or deletions

p53 is the most significant tumor suppressor gene

Question 19

When tumor suppressor genes are mutated, the negative regulation or suppression is turned off leading to

Answer 19

uncontrolled cell growth

Question 20

Blood smear

Answer 20

since it is easy and inexpensive to obtain and they give a lot of information of the bone marrow and lymphoid organs evaluation of the blood s,ear is often the first step in evaluation a patient with suspected hematologic disease

Question 21

karyotype analysis can detect large or small defects?

Answer 21

they cannot detect small defects thus they usually tell is there has been a gain or loss of an entire/partial chromosome or a translocation

Question 22

Uses fluorescent labeled genetic probes which hybridize to specific parts of the genome

Answer 22

FISH

Question 23

FISH:

1. can be used in both dividing- metaphase and non-dividing-interphase cells
2. results:
   a. 1 dot
   b. 3 dots
   c. fusion of 2 different colored dots

Answer 23

1. yep
2. a. 1 dot: chromosomes with deletions- monosomy
   b. 3 dots: chromosomes with additions- trisomy
   c. fusion of 2 different colored dots: cells with translocations

Question 24

DNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes new pieces of DNA complimentary to target DNA. DNA polymerase attaches to primer and adds nucleotides amplifying target strand

Answer 24

PCR

Question 25

PCR is used in hematologic malignancies to

Answer 25

demonstrate clonality in B or T lymphocytes by assessing immunoglobulin or T cell receptor rearrangement

Question 26

next generation sequencing can be used to identify

Answer 26

drugable targets

Question 27

Bioinformatics analyses are used to piece together the fragments by mapping the individual reads to the human reference genome

Answer 27

next generation sequencing

Question 28

uses antibodies labeled with different fluorochromes which recognize the cell surface antigens

Answer 28

flow cytometry

Question 29

Flow cytometry:

1. useful how?
2. fluorescence is used to
3. can be used on
4. labeled cells are passed through a flow cytometer where a

Answer 29

1. normal cells have a characteristic pattern of cell surface antigens designated as a cluster of differentiation number and malignant cells often express an aberrant phenotype
2. fluorescence is used to measure the cells characteristics
3. can be used on blood or bone marrow
4. labeled cells are passed through a flow cytometer where a laser excites emission of varying wave lengths

Question 30

• Uses antibodies to stain tissue biopsies (bone marrow, lymph node)
• Tumor cells can be identified by direct visualization under the microscope

Answer 30

immunohistochemistry