Intro to haemotology

Question 1

Haemopoiesis

Answer 1

the physiological developmental process –> cellular componenets of blood.
- starts at day 27 in aorta gonad mesonephros

Question 2

Myeloid

Answer 2

granulocytes (WBC) erthrocytes (RBC) and platelets

Question 3

Lymphoid

Answer 3

B-Lymphocytes, T lymphocytes

Question 4

Red blood cells

Answer 4

erythrocytes. bi concave
reduced = anaemia
raised = polycythaemia

Question 5

White blood cells

Answer 5

immunity and host defence

Question 6

Neutrophils

Answer 6

phagocyctes, most common white cell in adult blood.
increased = neutrophilia i.e bacterial infection
decreased = neutropenia

Question 7

Eosinophils

Answer 7

tomatoes wearing sunglasses

increased = eosinophilia eg parasitic infection

Question 8

Basophils

Answer 8

primitive immune system

increased = basophilia ie chronic myeloid leukaemia

Question 9

Monocytes

Answer 9

phagocytic and antigen presenting cells
migrate to tissues and become macrophages/histocytes/kupfer cells in liver
increased = monocytosis eg TB

Question 10

Lymphocytes

Answer 10

increased = lymphocytosis eg glandular fever 
decreased = lymphopenia

Question 11

NK cells

Answer 11

innate immune system

recognize non-cells

Question 12

T lymphocytes

Answer 12

adaptive immune system
cell-mediated immunity
interact with b cells and macrophages

Question 13

B lymphocytes

Answer 13

adaptive immune system
antigen specific antibody production
humoral immunity
increased plasma cells = plasmacytosis

Question 14

Platelets

Answer 14

derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes

aid in formation of blood clots

Question 15

diagnostic tests done:

Answer 15

Hb concentration
Red cell: mean cell volume, mean cell Hb.
White cell count, Platelet count
Coagulation screen eg PT time, APTT

Question 16

reference range

Answer 16

have to understand blood results vary within the day

specificity: proportion of normal results correctly classified by the test
sensitivity: proportion of abnormal results correctly classified by the test

Question 17

Anaemia:

Answer 17

Microcytic hypochromic–> mean cell volume under 80 and mean cell Hb under 27
Normocytic normochromic –> mean cell volume 80-95 and mean cell Hb over 27
Macrocytic–> mean cell volume over 95. big oval red cells. b12/folate deficiency

Question 18

Myelodysplastic syndromes

myeloid lineage cytopenia

Answer 18

disease of mid-life/ older people
characteristics: mutated stem cell –> clone of abnormal cells replace normal haemopoiesis. often die before leaving marrow.
typical blood results: anaemia, neutropenia,
Symptoms: fatigue, risk of infection, bruising and bleeding.
treatment: red cell transfusion, bone marrow transplant