Intro to haemotology Flashcards
Haemopoiesis
the physiological developmental process –> cellular componenets of blood.
- starts at day 27 in aorta gonad mesonephros
Myeloid
granulocytes (WBC) erthrocytes (RBC) and platelets
Lymphoid
B-Lymphocytes, T lymphocytes
Red blood cells
erythrocytes. bi concave
reduced = anaemia
raised = polycythaemia
White blood cells
immunity and host defence
Neutrophils
phagocyctes, most common white cell in adult blood.
increased = neutrophilia i.e bacterial infection
decreased = neutropenia
Eosinophils
tomatoes wearing sunglasses
increased = eosinophilia eg parasitic infection
Basophils
primitive immune system
increased = basophilia ie chronic myeloid leukaemia
Monocytes
phagocytic and antigen presenting cells
migrate to tissues and become macrophages/histocytes/kupfer cells in liver
increased = monocytosis eg TB
Lymphocytes
increased = lymphocytosis eg glandular fever decreased = lymphopenia
NK cells
innate immune system
recognize non-cells
T lymphocytes
adaptive immune system
cell-mediated immunity
interact with b cells and macrophages
B lymphocytes
adaptive immune system
antigen specific antibody production
humoral immunity
increased plasma cells = plasmacytosis
Platelets
derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes
aid in formation of blood clots
diagnostic tests done:
Hb concentration
Red cell: mean cell volume, mean cell Hb.
White cell count, Platelet count
Coagulation screen eg PT time, APTT
reference range
have to understand blood results vary within the day
specificity: proportion of normal results correctly classified by the test
sensitivity: proportion of abnormal results correctly classified by the test
Anaemia:
Microcytic hypochromic–> mean cell volume under 80 and mean cell Hb under 27
Normocytic normochromic –> mean cell volume 80-95 and mean cell Hb over 27
Macrocytic–> mean cell volume over 95. big oval red cells. b12/folate deficiency
Myelodysplastic syndromes
myeloid lineage cytopenia
disease of mid-life/ older people
characteristics: mutated stem cell –> clone of abnormal cells replace normal haemopoiesis. often die before leaving marrow.
typical blood results: anaemia, neutropenia,
Symptoms: fatigue, risk of infection, bruising and bleeding.
treatment: red cell transfusion, bone marrow transplant
