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Biomechanics Exam 2 > Intro to Foot Types > Flashcards

Intro to Foot Types Flashcards

1
Q

forefoot pathology

A 
hallux valgus
hallux limitis
hallux rigidus
plantarflexed 1st ray
dorsiflexed 1st ray
Tailor's Bunion
Hyperkeratoses
Hammer Digit Syndrome
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2
Q

what is another name for hallux abductovalgus

A

hallux valgus

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3
Q

what is hallux valgus

A

hallux is laterally deviated relative to the 1st MT, the 1st ray may be medially deviated relative to the 2nd ray

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4
Q

HAV may be associated with what other deformity

A

bunion deformity

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5
Q

what are biomechanical etiologies of HAV

A
  • any deformity leading to 1st ray hypermobility
  • any deformity lead to STJ pronation
  • flexible PFFR
  • flexible forefoot valgus (supinaiton at the LMJA)
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6
Q

why can STJ pronation result in a hypermobile 1st ray

A

pronation leads to a loss of pull of PL

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7
Q

what are non-biomechanical etiologies of HAV

A 
heredity
neuromuscular disease
trauma
arthritides
metabolic disorders
shoegear
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8
Q

what is hallux limitus

A

limited motion at the 1st metatarsophalngeal joint

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9
Q

what causes of hallux limitus

A
  • structural (bony limitation - exostosis)
  • dorsiflexed 1st ray limiting the ability of the base of the proximal phalanx to dorsiflex up and over the 1st MT head
  • functional loss of PL
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10
Q

what happens if you lose the function of PL

A

destabilizes the 1st ray preventing normal dorsiflexion of the 1st MTPJ during gait

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11
Q

hallux limitus is associated with what biomechanical deformities associated with what

A

a hypermobile 1st ray

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12
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hallux limitus

A
  • pain at the 1st MPJ (either bump pain or arthritic pain)
  • hyperketatosis sub IPJ of hallux, sub 2nd MPJ and sub 4/5th
  • hyperexension at the hallux interphalangeal joint
  • dystrophic halux nail changes
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13
Q

what is hallux rigidus

A

no motion available at the 1st MPJ

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14
Q

what are the etiologies of hallux rigidus

A

same as hallux limitus

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15
Q

describe a plantarflexed 1st ray deformity

A

the 1st MT head is plantar to the plane of the lesser MTs

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16
Q

what are symptoms of a plantarflexed 1st ray

A

hyperkeratosis directly under the 1st MT head if rigid

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17
Q

a flexible plantarflexed 1st ray deformity, where will jamming occur

A

proximal to the dorsal aspect of the 1st metatrso-cueiform joint

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18
Q

what is metatarsus primus elevatus

A

dorsiflexed 1st ray

lack of adequate plantarflexion leads to inadequate 1st MPJ dorsiflexion

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19
Q

signs, symptoms and treatment of MPE is similar to —

A

hallux limitus

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20
Q

what is a tailor’s bunion

A

laterally deviated 5th MT, medially deviated 5th digit and laterally prominent 5th MT head

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21
Q

Tailor’s bunion is associated with what deformities

A

splay foot
rearfoot varus
forefoot varus

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22
Q

name 3 hammer digit syndromes

A
  1. hammertoe
  2. claw toe
  3. mallet toe
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23
Q

what is a hammertoe

A

flexion contracture at the proximal IPJ and extension at the distal IPJ

24
Q

hammertoe is associated with

A

overpronation

25
Q

what is claw toe

A

flexion contractures at both the proximal and distal IPJ

26
Q

what is claw toe associated with

A
  • loss of intrinstic stability

- pes cavus foot type

27
Q

what is mallet toe

A

contracture at the distal IPJ

long flexors are overpowering

28
Q

name 3 rearfoot pathologies

A
  1. Haglund’s Deformity
  2. Plantar fasciitis
  3. Sinus Tarsi Syndrome
29
Q

what is Haglund’s Deformity

A

a bony prominence at the posterior lateral superior aspect of the calcaneus

30
Q

what is Haglund’s Deformity known as

A

pump bump

31
Q

what deformities is Haglund’s Deformity associated

A 
rearfoot varus
forefoot valgus (an inverted foot)
32
Q

what is one of the most common of all foot conditions

A

plantar fasciitis

33
Q

what is plantar fasciitis

A

pulling/tearing/inflammation along the course or at the proximal attachment of the plantar fascia

34
Q

pain of plantar fasciitis is commonly located

A

at the medial attachment of the medial band due to increased pronation lengthening the medial column

35
Q

plantar fasciitis is assocaited with

A

any cause of STJ pronation/LMJA supination

36
Q

symptoms or plantar fasciitis include

A

***pain is often greatest when first arising in the am

usually relate some change in activity, weight, or shoegear

37
Q

what type of shoegear should someone with plantar fasciitis wear

A

firm heel counter
good arch support
sole that bends only at the MTPJ
*make sure the pt wears shoes at home

38
Q

where is the pain located with sinus tarsi syndrome

A

located in the area of the sinus tarsi

39
Q

what is sinus tarsi syndrome associated with

A
  • a history or lateral sprain

- excessive pronation causing jamming as the talus slides forward and down on the calcaneus

40
Q

how do you treat sinus tarsi syndrome

A

control of pronation

41
Q

how can a stress fracture occur

A
  • the body responds to stress applied to a bone by remodeling it to make it stronger
  • remodeling requires both bone creation and bone destruction
  • when the osteoclastic (destruction) activity out paces the osteoblastic activity (creation), a weak point develops, and a stress fracture may occur
42
Q

what are common sites for stress fractures?

A
  • MT (2nd and 5th most commonly at the distal 1/3)
  • calcaneus
  • sesamoids
  • tibia
43
Q

what are stress fractures associated with

A

osteoporosis

44
Q

what is tendonitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

45
Q

where is tendonitis common

A

posterior tibial tendonitis

achilles tendonitis

46
Q

where is the pain in posterior tibial tendonitis

A

along the course of the PT tendon

commonly as it passes posterior and inferior to the medial malleolus or at its insertion at the navicular tuberosity

47
Q

posterior tibial tendonitis is also called

A

posterior tibial dysfunction (PTTD)

48
Q

who does PTTD occur in

A

ppl who excessively pronate (particularly feet that function with the calcaneus everted)
overweight
middle aged females

49
Q

PTTD may be associated with

A

equinus

eversion sports injury

50
Q

where is the pain located in achilles tendonitis

A

pain along the course or at the insertion of the achiiles tendon

51
Q

achilles tendonitis is associated with

A

equinus

52
Q

treatment of achilles tendonitis

A

heel lifts

53
Q

name 2 forefoot pathologies

A

toenail problems

sesamoditis

54
Q

what are toenail problems assocaited with

A

poorly fitted shoes

55
Q

black toenail syndrome is common in who

A
  • runners who wear their shoes too short
  • as the run, the feet slide forward in the shoe, banging up against the front of the shoe
  • recurrent trauma causes microbleeds under the nail plates, causing the toenail to appear black, pull away from the nail bed, thicken or fall off
56
Q

etiologies, symptoms and treatment of sesamoiditis is similar to

A

sesamoid stress fracture

57
Q

recurrent ankle sprains occur on the medial or lateral side

A

almost always lateral

Biomechanics Exam 2 (11 decks)

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