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Opthalmology > Intro to Eye > Flashcards

Intro to Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Where do tears flow from?

A

Lacrimal sac

Nasolacrimal duct

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2
Q

What does the conjunctiva NOT cover?

A

The cornea

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3
Q

What gives shape to the eyelids?

A

Tarsal plate

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4
Q

What is found inside the tarsal plate?

A

The Meibomian gland

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5
Q

In embryology, where do optic vesicles grow outward from>

A

From diencephalic part of neural tube towards surface ectoderm

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6
Q

What are the layers of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous coat
Vascular coat
Sensory coat

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7
Q

What is found in the fibrous coat?

A

Lens

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8
Q

What is found in the vascular coat?

A

Aqueous humor

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9
Q

What is found in the sensory coat?

A

Vitreous humor

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10
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The space between the ciliary body and the iris

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11
Q

How is the lens suspended?

A

From the ciliary body by suspensory ligaments

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12
Q

What makes up the outer layer of the eye?

A

Cornea

Sclera

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13
Q

Is the cornea transparent?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Is the sclera transparent?

A

No

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15
Q

What is the ciliary body involved in?

A

The production of aqueous humor

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16
Q

What are the two chambers of the eye?

A

Anterior chamber

Posterior chamber

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17
Q

What chamber is aqueous humor produced in?

A

Posterior chamber

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18
Q

What is the trabecular meshwork?

A

Draining system

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19
Q

Where is the trabecular meshwork found?

A

Outside the Schlemm’s canal

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20
Q

What is the choroid made up of?

A

Fenestrated blood vessels of varying diameter

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21
Q

What does the choroid do?

A

Supplies the retina with blood

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22
Q

How many layers does the retina have?

A

10

23
Q

What are the important layers of the retina to remember?

A
  1. pigment epithelial layer
  2. layer of rods and cones
  3. nerve fibre layer
24
Q

What is the inner layer of the retina supplied by?

A

Central retinal artery

  • branch of ophthalmic artery
  • branch of ICA
25
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

Part of the retina which has the highest visual acuity

26
Q

Why does the fovea centralis have the highest visual acuity?

A

It is packed with cones

27
Q

What is the lens?

A

Transparent, crystalline biconvex structure which is suspended by zonules from the ciliary body .

28
Q

Can the lens change shape?

A

Yes

29
Q

What feature of the lens makes it transparent?

A

Avascularity

30
Q

What is lens opacification called?

A

Cataracts

31
Q

What does the basal membrane on the outside of the lens form?

A

Lens capsule

32
Q

Layers of cornea (histology)

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Bowmans membrane
  3. stroma
  4. Descements layer
  5. Endothelium
33
Q

What epithelium is found in cornea?

A

Stratified squamous non keritanised

34
Q

What is bowmans membrane?

A

Basement membrane of corneal epithelium

35
Q

What is the stroma of the cornea made up of?

A

Connective tissue

36
Q

What allows light rays to pass through the stroma of the cornea?

A

Collagen uniformly spaced and arranged very regularly

Avascularity

37
Q

How does the stroma of the cornea get nutrition?

A

Tear duct on the top
Aqueous on the bottom
Sclera around it

38
Q

What is Descemet’s layer?

A

Basement membrane of corneal endothelium

39
Q

Histology of endothelium of cornea

A

Single layer normally 2500 cells/mm2

40
Q

Why does avascularity confer an advantage during corneal graft surgery?

A

Lesser chance of foreign antigens from the corneal graft being recognised by the recipient, so lesser chance of graft rejection

41
Q

What is a name given to the cornea due to its avascularity?

A

Immune privileged site

42
Q

Functions of tear film

A

Keeps cornea moist and prevents drying
Washes away any particulate foreign bodies
Has antibodies and lysozymes to kill microbes
Smooths outer surface of cornea providing smooth surface for retraction

43
Q

How can you see the tear film?

A

A dye called fluorescein

44
Q

Layers of tear film

A
  1. Mucinous layer (30%)
  2. Aqueous layer (69%)
  3. Oily layer (<1%)
45
Q

Features of the mucinous layer of the tear film

A

Overlies corneal epithelium

46
Q

Features of the aqueous layer of the tear film

A

Overlies the mucinous layer

47
Q

What is the aqueous layer of the tear film secreted by?

A

Lacrimal glands

48
Q

What is the mucinous layer of the tear film secreted by?

A

Conjuctiva

49
Q

Features of the oily layer of the tear film

A

Most superficial

50
Q

What secretes the oily layer of the tear film?

A

Meibomian gland

51
Q

Function of the oily layer of the tear film

A

Prevents the aqueous layer from being evaporated too quickly

52
Q

Physiology of the tear film dynamics

A

Parasympathetic (VII n) secretion of tears into conjunctival sac
During a blink, the sharp lower border of the upper eyelid distributes the tear film evenly
When the eyelids are open, the aqeous component of the tears begin to evaporate, and the oily layer comes close to the mucin layer
When these two layers touch, the tear film breaks up and stimulates further blinking

53
Q

How is the transparency of the cornea maintained?

A

Histologically - regular arrangement of collagen in stroma
No blood vessels
Endothelium cell layer has a pump that actively keeps the aqueous humour out

54
Q

How does the aqueous humor pump work?

A

Pump pushes the aqueous humor out
The pump constantly maintains a pressure and constant circulation
This pressure is trying to push into the cornea (which if successful would ruin the transparency)

Opthalmology (8 decks)

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