Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Opthalmology > Common Conditions of the Eye > Flashcards

Common Conditions of the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bony orbit closely related to?

A

Air sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which parts of the bony orbit have very thin walls?

A

Everywhere except the orbital rims, lateral wall and superior walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can thin walls of the orbit lead to?

A

Herniation of contents into surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Thin vascular membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and loops back over the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a blow out fracture?

A

The walls of the orbit can fracture (floor of medial wall usually) and contents can herniate out into e.g. maxillary sinus
The outer orbit remains fine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is found when there is a blow out fracture, the orbital floor is fractured and there is herniation into the maxillary sinus?

A

Tear drop sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the limbus?

A

The junction between the cornea and the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is found at the corneoscleral junction?

A

Lower eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What appearance does a coloboma give?

A

Keyhole appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes coloboma?

A

An embryological anomaly due to choroid fissure not fusing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can a retinal tear occur from blunt trauma?

A

Peripheral retina tears
Vitreous gel gets liquified
Liquid vitreous pushes through retinal tear and detaches it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the main function of vitreous gel?

A

Keep the retina in position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does retinal attachment commonly occur?

A

Fluid getting into the “potential” space between the 9 inner layers of the retina and the outer 10 layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Self limiting bacterial or viral infection of the conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms of conjunctivitis

A 
Red eye
Watery eyes 
Discharge
Enlargement of blood vessels in the conjunctiva 
NO loss of vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treatment of conjunctivitis

A

Antibiotic eye drops if likely to be bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If conjunctivitis causes loss of vision, what does this mean?

A

The infection has spread onto the cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is damaged if there is an inability to lose the eyelid?

A

Left facial nerve paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a phenomenon that also occurs when there is inability to close the eyelid?

A

Eyeball turned upwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can inability to close the eyelid lead to?

A

Drying of cornea which can lead to lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Two types of stye

A

External stye

Internal stye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Another name for external stye

A

Hordeolum externum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What causes an external stye?

A

Infection of a hair follicle (blockage of sebaceous glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Another name for an internal stye

A

Hordeolum Internum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What causes an internal stye?

A

Blockage and infection of the Meibonium gland (stuck inside the tarsal plate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Treatment of a stye

A

Warm compress
Eyelid hygiene
May need surgical incision and curettage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Two types of corneal pathologies

A

Inflammatory e.g. corneal ulcers

Non-inflammatory e.g. dystrophies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do corneal pathologies frequently lead to?

A

Opacification of the cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is another name for a corneal transplant?

A

Keratoplasty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Causes of corneal ulcers

A 
Inflammatory 
Infection 
- viral 
- bacterial 
- fungal 
Trauma 
Corneal degeneration 
Corneal dystrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Features of corneal dystrophies and degenerations

A 
Bilateral 
Opacifying 
Non inflammatory 
Most genetically determined 
Sometimes due to accumulation of substances such as lipids in the cornea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When do corneal dystrophies and degenerations present?

A

First to fourth decade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Most common symptom of corneal degenerations and dystrophies

A

Decreased vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Pathology of cataracts

A

Older (embryological, foetal) fibres never shed - and are compacted in the middle
No blood supply to the lens
Absorb harmful UV rays preventing them from damaging the retina but in the process, get damaged themselves
Damaged lens fibres become opaque leading to cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Types of cataracts

A

Immature cortical cataracts
Mature cataracts
Nuclear sclerosis
Sutural and zonular cataract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Pathology of immature cortical cataracts

A

Seen as spoke like opacities

Outer cortical fibres that get opaque

37
Q

Presentation of immature cortical cataracts

A

Usually fine during the day due to bright light but for example have stopped driving at night as too hazy

38
Q

Treatment of cataracts

A

Surgery

39
Q

How does the surgery work to treat cataracts?

A 
Small incision 
Lens capsule opened 
Cataractous lens removed  by emulsification (phacoemulsification)
Plastic lens placed in capsular bag
Lens implant after surgery
40
Q

What is the lens called that is inserted after cataracts surgery?

A

Posterior chamber intra ocular lens (PCIOL)

41
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Raised intraocular pressure (IOP)

42
Q

Two types of glaucoma

A

Open angle glaucoma

Angle closure glaucoma

43
Q

Most common type of glaucoma

A

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)

44
Q

What are the consequences of raised IOP?

A

Pressure on nerve fibres on surface of the retina -> die out -> visual field defects
Pressure on the optic nerve head as the nerve fibres die out - optic disc on ophthalmoscopy appears unhealthy, pale and cupped
Results in an altered field of vision
Ultimately all nerve fibres are lost, which results in blindness

45
Q

The triad of signs for the diagnosis of glaucoma

A
  1. Raised IOP
  2. Visual field defects
  3. Optic disc changes on ophthalmoscopy
46
Q

Treatment of PAOG

A 
Eye drops to decrease IOP
- prostaglandin analogues 
- betablockers 
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 
Laser trabeculoplasty 
Trabeculectomy surgery
47
Q

Presentation of open angle glaucoma

A

Bilateral
Can be asymptomatic for a long period of time
Picked up on routine eye exams

48
Q

Presentation of angle closure glaucoma

A 
Sudden onset
Painful 
- ocular or headache
Vision lost/blurred
Headaches (often confused with migraine)
Red eye 
Hard eye
Cornea often opaque as raised IOP drives fluid into the cornea
Pupil mid dilated and non reacting
Haloes around lights
IOP severely raised  
Systemic upset
- N + V
- abdominal pain
49
Q

Features of the AC in angle closure glaucoma

A

AC shallow

Angle is closed

50
Q

Pathology of angle closure glaucoma

A
  1. Functional block in a small eye - large lens
  2. Mid dilated pupil - periphery of iris crowds around angle and outflow is obstructed
  3. Iris sticks to pupillary border (synechia) which prevents reaching AC. Leads to iris ballooning anteriorly and obstructing angle
51
Q

Treatment of an acute episode of angle closure glaucoma

A 
Decrease IOP
- IV infusion +/- oral therapu (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)
- Analgesics
- antiemetics
- constrictor eye drops (pilocarpine)
- beta blocker e.g. timolol 
- steroid eye drops e.g. dexamethasone 
Iridotomy (laser)
52
Q

Pathology of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)

A

The drainage through the trabecular meshwork is blocked (in most cases)
Leads to a gradual, painless build up on IOP

53
Q

Pathology of angle closure glaucoma

A

Some event on a predisposed eye leads to the peripheral iris blocking the angle, therefore the aqueous cant drain
So SUDDEN increase in IOP

54
Q

In angle closure glaucoma, what does the patient usually present as?

A

An emergency

55
Q

What is the vascular layer of the eye called?

A

Uvea

56
Q

Function of the choroid

A

Supplies blood to the outer layers of the retina

57
Q

Function of the ciliary body

A

Suspends the lens

Produces aqueous humour

58
Q

Function of the iris

A

Controls diameter of the pupil and therefore controls the amount of light rays entering the eyeball

59
Q

What is uveitis?

A

Inflammation of the uvea

60
Q

Types of uveitis

A

Anterior uveitis
Intermediate uveitis
Posterior uveitis

61
Q

What does anterior uveitis involve?

A

Iris with or without ciliary body inflamed

62
Q

What does intermediate uveitis involve?

A

Ciliary body inflamed

63
Q

What does posterior uveitis involve?

A

Choroid inflamed

64
Q

Causes of uveitis

A

Isolated illness
Autoimmune causes e.g. presence of HLA-B27 predisposes to anterior uveitis
Infection e.g. chronic diseases such as TB
Assosiated with systemic diseases e.g. ankylosing spondylitis

65
Q

Pathology of anterior uveitis

A

An inflamed uvea (iris) leaks plasma and white blood cells into the aqueous humor

66
Q

When is anterior uveitis seen? What is seen?

A

During slit lamp examination
- a hazy anterior chamber and cells deposited at the back of the cornea
Cells in the AC may settle inferiorly - hypopyn

67
Q

Presentation of anterior uveitis

A

Red eye
Painful
Visual loss

68
Q

Pathology of intermediate uveitis

A

Ciliary body is inflamed and leaks cells and proteins leading to hazy vitreous

69
Q

Presentation of intermediate uveitis

A

Patient complains of “floaters” or hazy vision

70
Q

Pathology of posterior uveitis

A

Choroid inflamed

Since the choroid sits under the retina the inflammation frequently spreads to the retina and can cause blurred vision

71
Q

Is there lymphatics in the eyeballs?

A

No

72
Q

Is there lymphatics in the eyelids?

A

Yes

73
Q

What is the treatment for proliferative vessels?

A

Laser treatment

74
Q

Features of the eye in diabetic retinopathy

A 
Usually no symptoms 
Usually fine vision in both eyes
Hard exudates - yellow and waxy looking 
Blot haemorrhages 
Microaneurysms 
Cotton wool spots
75
Q

Types of diabetic retinopathy

A

Proliferative

Non-proliferative

76
Q

Main feature of proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

New vessels can grow

77
Q

Main feature of non proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

No new vessels grow

78
Q

Which type of diabetic retinopathy is more aggressive?

A

Proliferative

79
Q

What are cotton wool spots a sign of?

A

Ischaemia

80
Q

What do new vessels typically look like?

A

Small

Grow in places they shouldn’t

81
Q

Where do new vessels often grow?

A

Optic disc

82
Q

Where can new vessels grow?

A

Optic disc

Vitreous

83
Q

What is the result of new vessels growing into the vitreous?

A

They can bleed and scar - this can pull the retina

84
Q

Types of maculopathy

A

Exudative

Ischaemic

85
Q

Treatment of exudative maculopathy

A

anti VegF

Steriods

86
Q

Features of ischaemic maculopathy

A

Look normal

Vision down

87
Q

Treatment for ischaemic maculopathy

A

No treatment

88
Q

Predisposing factors for acute closed angle glaucoma

A

Hypermetropia
Pupillary dilatation
Lens growing with increased age

Opthalmology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions