Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Opthalmology > Acute and Chronic Visual Loss > Flashcards

Acute and Chronic Visual Loss Flashcards

1
Q

What visual acuity is deemed as blind?

A

< 3/60 in the better eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness in the world?

A

Cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What visual acuity can you not drive beyond?

A

6/12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The closer the cataract is to the _____ part of the eye, the worse the cataract is

A

Nodal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is a cataract better in bright or dim light? Why?

A

Dim light

Some of the light may get passed the opacity due to the dilated pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to the lens with increasing age?

A

It grows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the triad of congenital rubella?

A

Sensory problems
Cataracts
Heart problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an autosome?

A

A non sex chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the commonest cause for amblyopia?

A

Refractive error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the vascular layer of the eye?

A

Uvea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can uveitis cause?

A

Cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can steroids for an inflammatory condition cause?

A

Cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the eye very sensitive to?

A

Trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cataracts can make you not see what colour?

A

Blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens to the refractive index of the lens in cataracts and what does this result in?

A

Increased
Leads to increased bending of light
So focuses in vitreous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is index myopia?

A

Presbyopia

Goes away and then cant see far away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What holds the lens from the Ciliaris muscle?

A

Zonules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does the aqueous humour exit the eye?

A

Via the trabecular meshwork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the aqueous humour made?

A

Ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the sensitive part of the eye?

A

Macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the central part of the macula called? What is the features of the fibres of this?

A

Fovea

The fibres are spread apart so that light can go directly on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the blind spot?

A

On the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is the optic nerve a blind spot?

A

As the fibres dont let the light through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a scitoma?

A

A non seeing area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does a non -ve scitoma in glaucoma mean?
They are unaware that they cant see
26
What do beta blockers do in the treatment of glaucoma?
Stop production
27
What do prostaglandins do in the treatment of glaucoma?
Help the drainage
28
How does a trabeculectomy work?
Fluid comes through the iris and through a trap door (fistula)
29
What would be seen in endophlemitis?
Pus in the eye
30
What is absent in closed angle glaucoma?
Light reflex
31
Presentation of closed angle glaucoma
``` Absent light reflex Mid dilated pupil Vomiting Abdominal pain Extreme pain in eye Red eye ```
32
Why does closed glaucoma cause vomiting and abdominal pain?
Due to stimulation of the vagal nerve
33
Cause of a pale retina
Central retinal artery occlusion
34
What does a cherry red spot mean?
Infarcts except from at fovea, as see choroid circulation
35
Where is the most likely source of an eye embolus?
Carotids
36
What does CRAO stand for?
Central retinal artery occlusion
37
Treatment of CRAO
``` Diamox Massage Topic glaucoma medications AC parenthesis Increased pCO2 ```
38
What is the aim of treatment of CRAO?
Lower IOP to try and move the embolus along
39
Why is pCO2 treated to increase in CRAO?
Increased vasodilation
40
How is pCO2 increased?
Breath into a paper bag
41
Risk factors for a vein occlusion in the eye
``` HTN DM Smoking Increased IOP Blood conditions e.g. myeloma ```
42
What does VEGF do?
Promotes new vascular growth in the eye when there is ischaemia
43
Treatment of rubeosis Iridis
Laser - gets rid of vessels Elimination of Veg F Steroids
44
Investigations of temporal arteritis
CRP | Biopsy
45
What condition overlaps with temporal arteritis?
Polymyalgia rheumatica
46
Treatment of temporal arteritis
High dose of prednisolone quickly
47
What can happen if temporal arteritis is not treated?
Can become blind in one eye and spread to the other
48
What does PH stand for?
Pinhole
49
How are cataracts named?
Depending on where is affected
50
Will a true cataract recur? What can happen?
No | but epithelial cells can proliferate and thicken the capsule again - however this is not cataracts
51
How common is hypopia?
Rare
52
Pathology of hypopia
Fluid level of pus in the anterior chamber
53
What is a hypopia?
Intraocular infection
54
What may a hypopia need?
Vitrectomy
55
Prognosis of hypopia
Poor
56
Who gets hypopia?
Trauma | Immunocompromised
57
On looking at an eye, how can you tell which vessels are arteries and which are veins?
Blood is darker in the arteries
58
What is the distribution of symptoms of a branched retinal vein occlusion?
Just in the quadrant
59
Types of retinal vein occlusion
Central | Branched
60
Features of central retinal vein occlusion
Sudden loss of vision in affected eye Blot haemorrhages Begorged veins Red/erythematous optic disc
61
What condition has the same eye symptoms as central retinal vein occlusion but look different clinically?
Central retinal artery occlusion
62
Features of the eye in central retinal artery occlusion
Cherry red spot | Pale retina
63
What is usually associated with central retinal vein occlusion?
HTN
64
What is usually associated with central retinal artery occlusion?
Embolus | Hypoperfusion
65
What can cause CRAO and therefore what must be checked?
GCA | Inflammatory markers and any other symptoms
66
What is the most common cause of blindness in the UK?
Age related macular degeneration
67
What is ARMD characterised by?
Degeneration of retinal photoreceptors that results in the formation of drusen which can be seen on fundoscopy and retinal photography
68
Two types of macular degeneration
Dry (90%) vs Wet (10%) | Early vs late
69
What is dry macular degeneration characterised by?
Drusen-yellow round spots in Bruch's membrane | Geographic atrophy
70
What is wet macular degeneration characterised by?
Exudative and choroidal neoavascularisation | Leakage of serous fluid and blood can subsequently result in a rapid loss of vision
71
Which is the type of macular degeneration has the worst prognosis?
Wet
72
RFs for age related macular degeneration
``` Advancing age Smoking FH HTN Dyslipidaemia DM ```
73
Presentation of age related macular degeneration
``` Reduction in visual acuity Difficulties seeing in the dark Fluctuations (day to day) in visual disturbance Photopsia Glare around objects ```
74
What is photopsia?
A perception of flickering or flashing lights
75
Signs of age related macular degeneration
Disortortion of line perception Fundoscopy - drusen - yellow areas of pigment deposition in the macular area In wet - well demarcated red patches may be seen (intra retinal or sub retinal fluid leakage or haemorrhage)
76
Investigations of age related macular degeneration
Slit lamp Flurorescein angiography Ocular CT
77
Treatment of age related macular degeneration
Moderate dry category ARMD - zinc + anti oxidant vitamins A, C and E anti-VEGF Laser photocoagulation

Opthalmology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions