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intro to environmental engineering Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

The biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism, or population, and includes
particularly the factors that have an influence in their survival, development and
evolution.

A

ENVIRONMENT (BIOPHYSICAL)

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3
Q

The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures,
machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in
combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design;
orto forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions

A

ENGINEERING

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4
Q

The application of science and engineering principles to improve the natural
environment (air, water, and/orland resources), to provide healthy water, air, and land
for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites. It
involves waste water management and air pollution control, recycling, waste
disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, and
public health issues as well as knowledge of environmental engineering law. It also
includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects

A

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

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5
Q

In the late 19th century, the major objective was to eliminate

A

waterborne disease

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6
Q

What are the COMPONENTS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT?

A
  1. Lithosphere
  2. Hydrosphere
  3. Atmosphere
  4. Biosphere
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7
Q

The earth’s outer layer consisting of the soil and rocks. The soil is ended upon non-living and natural matter.

A

Lithosphere

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8
Q

There are 2 types of lithosphere
namely

A

oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere

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9
Q

This comprise all water possessions both surface and ground water.
Only less than 1% of water resources are obtainable for human
exploitation

A

Hydrosphere

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10
Q

It is the state of layer adjoining the earth and extends up to 500 kms above the earth’s
shell

A

Atmosphere

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11
Q

which is a gaseous
wrap, protects the earth from cosmic radiations and provides life supporting oxygen

A

atmosphere

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12
Q

plays a major role in asserting the heat balance of the earth by gripping the
re-emitted radiation from the earth

A

atmosphere

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13
Q

is a shell encompassing the earth’s surface where all the living things
subsist. This segment extends from 10000 m underneath sea level to 6000 m above sea level.

A

Biosphere

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14
Q

ROLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS

A

Collaborate with environmental scientists, planners, hazardous waste technicians,
engineers, and other specialists, and experts in law and business to address environmental
problems

Provide technical-level support for
environmental remediation and litigation
projects, including remediation system design
and determination ofregulatory applicability

  • Inspect industrial and municipal facilities and
    programs in order to evaluate operational
    effectiveness and ensure compliance with environmental
    regulations

Assess the existing or potential environmental
impact of land use projects on air, water, and
land.
ROLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
* Design systems, processes, and equipment for
control, management, and remediation of
water, air, and soil quality
* Develop and present environmental
compliance training or orientation sessions.
* Develop site-specific health and safety
protocols, such as spill contingency plans and
methods forloading and transporting waste
Serve on teams conducting multimedia
inspections at complex facilities, providing
assistance with planning, quality assurance,
safety inspection protocols, and sampling.
* Monitor progress of environmental
improvement programs.
* Provide administrative support for projects by
collecting data, providing project
documentation, training staff, and performing
other general administrative duties

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15
Q

a community of organisms interacting with each other and with their environment such that energy is exchanged and systemlevel processes, such as the cycling of elements, emerge

A

ecosystem

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16
Q

include living organisms, the dead organic matter
produced by them, the abiotic environment within which the
organisms live and exchange elements (soil, water, atmosphere),
and the interactions between these components

A

ecosystems

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17
Q

embody the concept that living organisms
continually interact with each other and with the environment to
produce complex systems with emergent properties, such that
“the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” and “everything
is connected“

A

Ecosystems

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18
Q

THE NATURALENVIRONMENTIN WHICH AN ORGANISM LIVES

A

HABITAT

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19
Q

CONSISTS OF A GROUP OF ORGANISMS THAT LOOK ALIKE AND HAVE SIMILAR
CHARACTERISTICS,SHARETHESAMEECOLOGICAL NICHE AND ARECAPABLEOFINTERBREEDING

A

SPECIES

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20
Q

CONSISTSOFORGANISMSLIVINGIN THESAME HABITAT ATTHESAMETIME

A

POPULATION

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21
Q

A NATURALCOLLECTION OFPLANT AND ANIMALSPECIESLIVING WITHIN A DEFINED
AREA OR HABITATIN AN ECOSYSTEM

A

COMMUNITY

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22
Q

THEFUNCTION OF AN ORGANISM OR THE ROLEITPLAYSIN AN ECOSYSTEM

A

ECOLOGICAL NICHE

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23
Q

what are the functions of ecosystem?

A

production
Respiration
Consumption
Decomposition
Abiotic decomposition
Biotic decomposition (biodegradation)

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24
Q

the metabolic breakdown of
materials into simpler components by living organisms

A

Biotic decomposition (biodegradation)

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25
Q

process in which a substance is
completely destroyed, used up, or incorporated or
transformed into something else. It acts as a regulator
for production and decomposition

A

Consumption

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26
Q

degradation of a substance by chemical or physical
processes

A

Abiotic decomposition

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27
Q

responsible forthe breakdown of complex structures

A

Decomposition

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28
Q

process of unleashing bound energy for
utilization

A

Respiration

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29
Q

creation of new, organic matter. The
synthesis and storage of organic molecules during the
growth and reproduction of photosynthetic organisms

A

Production

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30
Q

organisms, such as plants, that produce their own food
are called autotrophs. The autotrophs convert inorganic compounds
into organic compounds. They are called producers because all of
the species ofthe ecosystem depend on them

A

Producers -

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31
Q

all the organisms that can not make their own food (and
need producers

A

consumers/heterotrophs

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32
Q

In an ecosystem
_____ are called consumers because they depend on others.
They obtain food by eating other organisms. There are different

A

heterotrophs

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33
Q

Those that feed directly from producers, i.e.
organisms that eat plant or plant products are called

A

primary consumers

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34
Q

Organisms that feed on primary consumers are called

A

secondary consumers

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35
Q

Those who feed on secondary consumers

A

tertiary consumers.

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36
Q

Consumers are also classified depending on what they eat.

A

herbivores
carnivores
omnivores

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37
Q

are those that eat only plants or plant products.
Example are grasshoppers, mice, rabbits, deer, beavers, moose, cows,
sheep, goats and groundhogs

A

Herbivores

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38
Q

on the other hand, are those that eat only other
animals. Examples of carnivores are foxes, frogs, snakes, hawks,
and spiders

A

Carnivores

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39
Q
  • are the last type and eat both plants (acting a primary
    consumers) and meat (acting as secondary or tertiary
    consumers
A

Omnivores -

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40
Q

corresponds to the different levels or steps in the
food chain. In other words, the producers, the consumers, and thedecomposers are the main trophic levels

A

Trophic level

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41
Q

What is the energy flow in the ecsystem?

A

1st Trophic Level (10, 000 kcal)
2nd Trophic Level (1000 kcal)
3rd Trophic Level (100 kcal)
4th Trophic Level (10 kcal

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42
Q

In the energy flow system what percent of energy is lost in the transfer of heat? How much is utilized?

A

90 percent and 10 percent

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43
Q

TRANSFER OF FOOD ENERGY FROM THE SOURCE THROUGH A
SERIES OF ORGANISMS IN A PROCESS OF REPEATED/SEQUENTIAL EATING OR
BEINGEATEN PATTERN

A

FOOD CHAIN

44
Q

What are the classification of feeding relationships?

A

Grazing food chain
Detritus food chain

45
Q

– starts from plants to grazing herbivores to
carnivores

A

Grazing food chain

46
Q

starts from dead organic matter to
microorganismssuch as bacteria,fungi,etc

A

Detritus food chain

47
Q

REFERS TO THE INTERCONNECTED
OR INTERLOCKING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FOOD
CHAINS IN AN ECOSYSTEM

A

FOOD WEB

48
Q

CONSTITUTE THE OVER – ALL
STRUCTURE OF DEPENDENCY AMONG THE LIVING ELEMENTS

A

FOOD PYRAMID

49
Q

OTHER BASIC ECOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLES

A
  1. diversity
  2. Distribution
  3. Population Density
  4. Dominance
  5. Limiting Factors –
50
Q

environmental factors, chemical and physical
factors etc.

A

Limiting Factors

51
Q

species that have a disproportionately
large effect on its environment relative to its abundance. Such
species play a critical role in maintaining the structure of an
ecological community, affecting many other organisms in an
ecosystem and helping to determine the types and numbers of
various other species in the community. The most important
species

A

Keystone Species

52
Q

the degree to which a specie is more numerous
than its competitors in an ecological community, or makes up more of the biomass. Most ecological communities are defined by
their dominant species

A

Dominance

53
Q

the number
of individuals of a
population per unit of
living space (say,
number of trees per
hectare of land)

A

Population Density

54
Q

used to describe the process by which
a person moves into a country for the purpose of
establishing residency. In such a case, the individual
is not a native of the country which he immigrates to

A

Immigration

55
Q

process by which a person leaves his
place or country of residency, to relocate elsewhere.
In this case, the individual moving is referred to as an
emigrant

A

Emigration

56
Q

is movement to a country

A

immigration

57
Q

movement from a country)

A

emigration

58
Q

variety of habitats, living
communities, and ecological processes in the
living world. It also refers to the extent that an
ecosystem possesses different species

A

Diversity

59
Q

POPULATION PRINCIPLES AND ISSUES characteristics

A
  1. NAtality
  2. Mortality
  3. Sex ratio
  4. Age Distribution -
60
Q

the proportionate numbers of persons in
successive age categories in a given population

A

Age Distribution -

61
Q

the ratio of males to females in a population. The sex
ratio varies according to the age profile of the population

A

Sex ratio

62
Q

sex ratio is generally divided into four:

A
  1. primary sex ratio
  2. secondary sex ratio
  3. tertiary sex ratio —
  4. quaternary sexratio
63
Q

— ratio at fertilization

A

primary sex ratio

64
Q

ratio at birth

A

secondary sex ratio

65
Q

ratio in sexually active organisms

A

tertiary sex ratio

66
Q
A
67
Q

ratio in post-reproductive
organisms

A

quaternary sexratio

68
Q

the ratio of deaths in an area to the population
of that area; expressed per 1000 per year

A

mrtality

69
Q
  • an incidence of ill health. It is measured in various
    ways, often by the probability that a randomly selected
    individual in a population at some date and location would
    become seriously ill in some period of time
A

Morbidity

70
Q

the birthrate, which is the ratio of total live births to
total population in a particular area over a specified period of
time; expressed as childbirths per 1000 people (or population)
per year. It may also refer to the inherent ability of a population
to increase

A

natality

71
Q

What are the kinds of organism interactions?

A
  1. Compeition
  2. Predation
  3. Symbiosis
72
Q

two species share a
requirement for a limited resource which
reduces fitness of one or both species

A

competition

73
Q

one species feeds on
another which enhances fitness of predator
but reduces fitness of prey

A

predation

74
Q

close long lasting relationship
of 2 different specie

A

symbiosis

75
Q

What are the three categories of symbiosis?

A
  1. Parasitism
  2. Commensalism
  3. Mutualism
76
Q

two species provide
resources or services to each other which
enhances fitness of both species

A

Mutualism

77
Q

one species receives a benefit from another species which enhances fitness
of one species; no effect on fitness of the other species

A

commensalism

78
Q

one species feeds on another which enhances fitness of parasite but reduces
fitness of host

A

parasitism

79
Q

what are the 2 kinds of parasites?

A

ectoparasites and endoparasites

80
Q

liveon thebodies
of the host (ex. molds, flies, lice)

A

ectoparasites

81
Q

liveinside the
bodies of the host (ex. Tapeworms,
bacteria, fungi)

A

Endoparasites

82
Q

The orderly process of community development that involves changes in
species, structure, and community
- It results from the modification of the physical environment by the
community

A

succession

83
Q

occurs in essentially lifeless areas—regions in which
the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier

A

primary succession

84
Q

pioneering specie in primary succession, aids in
pedogenesis (the formation of soil)

A

lichens

85
Q

the formation of soil

A

lichens

86
Q

occurs in areas where a community that
previously existed has been removed; it is typified by smaller-scale disturbances that do not eliminate all life and nutrients from the
environment

A

Secondary succession

87
Q

a community in a final stage of succession

A

climax community

88
Q

describe
the flow of matter from the nonliving to the living world and
back again. As this happens, matter can be stored, transformed
into different molecules, transferred from organism to
organism, and returned to its initial configuration. The
implications of material cycles are profound. There is
essentially a finite amount of matter on Earth (with some input
from meteors and other astronomical objects)

A

material cycles or nutrient cycles

89
Q

what are the examples of materials/ nutrient cycles?

A

carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle, phosphorus cycle, sulfur cycle

90
Q

What does carbon cycle do?

A

The carbon cycle is how carbon moves between the air, land,
water, and living things. Plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) from
the airto make food through photosynthesis. Animals then eat the
plants, taking in carbon. When plants and animals die or release
waste, decomposers break them down, releasing carbon back into the soil or air. Also, when humans burn fossil fuels like coal and oil, more CO2 is released into the air. This carbon cycle helps balance the amount of carbon on Earth, which is important for keeping the planet’s climate stable

91
Q

where does carbon moves?

A

-from the atmosphere to plants
-moves from plants to animals
-rom plants and animals to the ground
-from living things to the atmosphere
-from fossil fuels to the atmosphere when fuels are
burned
-from the atmosphere to the oceans

92
Q

What dos the oxygen cycle do?

A

The oxygen cycle is how oxygen moves between the air, living
things, and the Earth. Plants release oxygen into the air during
photosynthesis, a process where they make food from sunlight.
Animals and humans breathe in this oxygen to live, and when we
exhale, we release carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is then used by plants, which start the cycle again by producing more oxygen. The oxygen cycle helps keep the air breathable and supports life on
Earth.

93
Q

What is the nitrogen cycle?

A

Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen
is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the
atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere.
Most of the nitrogen is in the air, but plants can’t use it directly.
Special bacteria in the soil “fix” nitrogen from the air, turning it into
a form plants can absorb through their roots. Animals then eat the plants and get nitrogen to help grow. When plants and animals die or release waste, other bacteria break them down, returning nitrogen to the soil and air.

94
Q

Important processes in the nitrogen cycle
include

A

fixation, ammonification, nitrification and denitrification

95
Q

What does the phosporus cycle do?

A

Unlike other cycles, phosphorus doesn’t move through the air. It
starts in rocks, and over time, weathering breaks down the rocks,
releasing phosphorus into the soil. Plants absorb this phosphorus
to grow, and animals get it by eating plants. When plants and
animals die or release waste, the phosphorus goes back into the
soil or water. Over time, it can end up in sediments and form new rocks, continuing the cycle.

96
Q

refers to a group of processes by which
surface rock disintegrates into smaller particles or
dissolve into water due to the impact of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The weathering processes
often are slow (hundred to thousands of years).

A

Weathering

97
Q

Weathering processes are divided into three categories:

A

physical weathering
chemical wethering
biological weathering

98
Q

What are examples of physical weathering?

A

abrasion, thermal explansion and contraction, wetting and drying

99
Q

what are examples of chemical weathering?

A

hydrolysis, oxidation - reduction

100
Q

what is an example of biological weathering?

A

lichen

101
Q

what are the top 4 reservoirs for phosphorus are?

A
  1. sediment (lithosphere) 2. soil (lithosphere)
  2. oceans 4. mineable rock (lithosphere)
102
Q

What does the sulfur cycle do?

A

Sulfur is stored mostly in rocks and minerals, and when these
break down through weathering, sulfur is released into the soil.
Plants absorb sulfur from the soil, and animals get it by eating plants. When plants and animals die or release waste, sulfur is returned to the soil. Some sulfur also goes into the air from volcanic eruptions and burning fossil fuels, eventually coming back
to the earth through rain

103
Q

____ is produced naturally as a result of volcanic eruptions and
through emissions from hot springs. It enters the atmosphere
primarily in the form of ____, then remains in the
atmosphere in that form or, after reacting with water, in the form of
_____

A

sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid

104
Q
  • On Earth’s surface, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid react with metals to form
A

sulfates and sulfides

105
Q

from plants is eventually passed on to animals that eat those plants. It is, in
turn, converted from plant proteins to animal proteins.

A

organic sulfur

106
Q
A

envisci (4 decks)

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