intro to endocrine system

Question 1

describe endocrine transmission?

Answer 1

chemicals are secreted into the bloodstream then sent to parts of the body

Question 2

give examples of some endocrine glands

Answer 2

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, endocrine cells in GI, gonodads, placenta, pineal gland, thymus

Question 3

what are the 2 classifications of hormones?

Answer 3

• steroids

- non-steroids

Question 4

steroid hormones are based on which type of structure?

Answer 4

cholesterol ring structure

Question 5

give examples of steroid hormones?

Answer 5

• cortisol
• aldosterone
• testorsterone
• progesterone
• oestrogen

Question 6

non-steroid hormones can be subdivide into 3 classes, what are these ?

Answer 6

• amino acid dervatives
• peptides
• glycoproteins

Question 7

give examples of non-steroidal amino acid derivatives (amines)

Answer 7

• adrenaline
• noradrenaline
• melatonin
• thyroxine

Question 8

give examples of short chain peptide hormones?

Answer 8

• ADH
• ANH
• ocytocin
• somatostatin
• melanocyte stimulating hormone

Question 9

give examples of long chain peptide hormones (proteins)?

Answer 9

• growth hormone
• prolactin
• parathyroid hormone
• calcitonin
• insulin
• glucagon

Question 10

describe the structure of a non-steroidal glycoprotein hormone

Answer 10

carbohydrate group attached to amino acid

Question 11

give examples of non-steroidal glycoprotein hormones

Answer 11

• FSH
• LH
• thyroid stimulating hormone
• gonadotrophin

Question 12

what are pro-hormones?

Answer 12

peptide hormones produced in inactive precursor form

Question 13

where are pro-hormones packaged and converted to active hormones?

Answer 13

golgi apparatus

Question 14

which word describes a hormone which has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it?

Answer 14

paracrine

Question 15

give examples of paracrine hormones (local tissue hormones)?

Answer 15

• prostaglandins
• leukotrienes
• thromoxanes

Question 16

which class of hormones act via 2nd messenger systems?

Answer 16

non-steroidal hormones

Question 17

name 2 common 2nd messenger systems?

Answer 17

• cAMP

- calcium

Question 18

which feature of steroid hormones allow them to pass through the cell membrane to reach intracellular receptors?

Answer 18

they are lipophilic

Question 19

what type of feedback are most hormone systems regulated by?

Answer 19

negative feedback

Question 20

how does negative feedback work?

Answer 20

some function of output mechanism is fed back in order to reduce output

Question 21

what is excess hormone secretion known as?

Answer 21

hypersecretion

Question 22

what is decreased hormone secretion known as?

Answer 22

hyposecretion

Question 23

what does up regulation refer to?

Answer 23

• increase in sensitivity

- more receptors

Question 24

what does down regulation refer to?

Answer 24

• decrease in sensitivity

- fewer receptors

Question 25

what condition is up regulation of hormones associated with?

Answer 25

hyper secretion

Question 26

what condition is down regulation of hormones associated with?

Answer 26

hypo secretion