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endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • thermoregulation
  • hormone secretion (primary and trophic)
  • regulate circadian rhythm
  • regulate motivation
  • regulate emotion
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2
Q

what is a primary hormone?

A

one that acts directly on organ to produce effect

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3
Q

what is a trophic hormone?

A

trigger an other gland to produce a hormone

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4
Q

what happens to our body temp when we sleep?

A

decreases

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5
Q

the hypothalamus releases releasing hormones, where do these hormones pass to and what effect do they have?

A

pass to anterior pituitary triggering secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary

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6
Q

how do hormones passing from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary travel ?

A

via blood vessels

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7
Q

how do hormones passing from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary travel ?

A

along nerve axons

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8
Q

name the hypothalamic hormones?

A
  • corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • gonadotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • somatostatin (SS) (GH inhibiting hormone)
  • prolactin releasing hormone (PLRH)
  • dopamine (DA) (PLIH)
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9
Q

name the anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  • adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinising hormone (LH)
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • growth hormone (GH)
  • prolactin (PL)
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10
Q

name the posterior pituitary hormones?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

- oxytocin

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11
Q

where are posterior pituitary hormones produced and how do they reach the posterior pituitary?

A

produced in hypothalamus and pass along axons to posterior pituitary

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12
Q

where is the thyroid gland?

A

in neck anterior to trachea

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13
Q

what hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A
  • thyroid hormone
  • T3, T4
  • calcitonin
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14
Q

which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?

A

para-follicular C-cells

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15
Q

what is T4 more commonly known as?

A

thyroxine

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16
Q

what hormone is the precursor for T3?

A

T4

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17
Q

which is more potent, T3 or T4?

A

T3

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18
Q

what are the actions of the thyroid gland?

A
  • increase metabolic rate
  • determine basal metabolic rate
  • essential for normal feral and childhood growth
  • up regulation of adrenoreceptors
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19
Q

which thyroid hormone regulates calcium levels?

A

calcitonin

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20
Q

name a disorder characterised by under secretion of the thyroid?

A

hypothyroidism

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21
Q

name a disorder characterised by over secretion of the thyroid?

A

hyperthyroidism (goitre, exophthalmos)

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22
Q

what dietary defficiency causes goitre?

A

iodine

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23
Q

what physical symptom does goitre produce?

A

thyroid swelling

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24
Q

what physical symptoms does exophthalmos produce?

A

bulging eyes

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25
what hormone does the parathyroid gland produce?
parathyroid hormone
26
what is the function of parathyroid hormone?
regulate blood calcium levels
27
what are the endocrine cells of the pancreas called?
islets of langerhans
28
name the 3 islets of langerhans and the secretion they produce
beta cell - insulin alpha cell - glusgon delta cell - somatostatin
29
what percentage of pancreatic tissue do islets of langerhans occupy?
1-2%
30
insulin is released in response to what?
raised blood glucose
31
what effect does insulin have on blood glucose and how does it have this effect?
lowers it by facilitating glucose entry into muscle cells and adipocytes
32
what may promote the secretion of insulin?
- increased blood glucose - increased blood amino acids - glucose dependant insulinotrophic peptide - vagus nerve activity
33
what may inhibit the secretion of insulin?
- adrenaline - sympathetic nerves - somatostatin
34
when is glucagon released?
in response to low glucose conc
35
what effect does glucagon have on blood glucose?
raises it
36
what may promote the secretion of glucagon?
- decreased blood glucose - increased blood amino acids - cholecystokinin - autonomic nerve activity
37
what may inhibit the secretion of glucagon?
- insulin | - somatostatin
38
what are the clinical features of diabetes mellitus?
- polyuria (increased during production) - polydipsia (thirst) - glycosuria (glucose in urine) - skin and oral disease (periodontitis, xerostomia)
39
which type of diabetes, 1 or 2, is insulin dependant?
type 1
40
which type of diabetes, 1 or 2, is insulin independant?
type 2
41
which type of diabetes, 1 or 2, has decreased insulin secretion?
type 1
42
which type of diabetes, 1 or 2, has normal insulin levels?
type 2
43
which type of diabetes, 1 or 2, results in destruction of beta cells?
type 1
44
which type of diabetes, 1 or 2, has decreased target cell responsiveness ?
type 2
45
which type of diabetes, 1 or 2, is an autoimmune disease?
type 1
46
where are the adrenal glands?
top of kidneys
47
adrenal glands are also called?
supra-renal glands
48
the adrenal gland is composed of 2 parts, what are these?
- cortex (outer region) | - medulla (inside adrenal cortex)
49
the cortex of the adrenal glads produces corticosteroids, name 3 of these?
- cortisol - aldosterone - androgens
50
which region of the medulla of the adrenal glads produce adrenaline?
modified sympathetic ganglion
51
the modified sympathetic ganglion is a region of the medulla of the adrenal gland, which hormone is produced here?
adrenaline
52
where in the adrenal cortex is cortisol produced?
zona fascicullata
53
what actions does cortisol have?
- metabolic effects - permissive effects - anti-inflammatory - immune-suppresant
54
where in the adrenal cortex is aldosterone produced?
zona glomerulosa
55
which system controls the release of aldosterone?
renin-angiotensin system
56
what actions does aldosterone have?
- promote reabsorption of sodium and water in kidneys | - increase excretion of hydrogen and potassium
57
where in the adrenal cortex are androgens produced?
zona fasciculata and reticularis
58
what actions do androgens have?
- growth and secondary sexual characteristics | - pubertal growth spurt
59
corticosteroids can be divided into 3 classes, what are these?
- mineralocorticoid - glucocorticoid - gonadocorticoid
60
give an example of a mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
61
give an example of a glucocorticoid
cortisol
62
give an example of a gonadocorticoid
androgens
63
excess glucocorticoid causes what?
cushions syndrome
64
excess secretion of androgens causes what?
adrenal-genital syndrome
65
adrenal insufficiency causes what?
addisons disease

endocrine system 1 (7 decks)

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