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pmod 2nd shift > intro to electrotherapy - part 1 > Flashcards

intro to electrotherapy - part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is charge

A

when electrons that is lost or gained become ions

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2
Q

a charge can either be _____ or _____

A

cation (+)
anion (-)

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3
Q

unit of measurement for charge

A

coulomb

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4
Q

what is current

A

movement of charged particles; opposite the flow of electrons

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5
Q

current is also referred to as _____ or _____

A

intensity or amplitude

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6
Q

standard unit for current

A

ampre or 1 C/sec

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7
Q

what is voltage

A

driving force that makes charged particles move

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8
Q

standard unit of volts

A

V or mV in our use

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9
Q

other name for voltage

A

electromotive force or electric potential difference

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10
Q

what is resistance

A

opposition to the movement of DC

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11
Q

standard unit of resistance

A

ohm

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12
Q

explain ohm’s law

A

V = IR

so current is directly proportional to voltage and indirect to resistance

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13
Q

what is conductance

A

ease of flow so opposite of resistance

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14
Q

standard unit for conductance

A

Mho or Siemens

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15
Q

what is capacitance

A

ability to store charge using electrostatic field

charge/voltage

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16
Q

standard unit for capacitance

A

Farad

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17
Q

what is inductance

A

ability to store electrical energy via electromagnetic filed

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18
Q

standard unit for inductance

A

Henry

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19
Q

what is impedance

A

opposition to movement of AC

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20
Q

standard unit for impedance

A

Ohm

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21
Q

compare battery and plug as a power source

A

battery - portable but needs spare batt and has limited options

plug - more stable and more options for control but not portable

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22
Q

what are the 3 main parts of an electrical stimulator

A

power source
waveform generation and timing control
output amplifier

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23
Q

what is constant voltage

A

voltage level will remain the same and will have low internal resistance

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24
Q

what is constant current

A

will change the voltage output but the leaving current is unaffected and will have high internal resistance

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25
Q

output impedance for constant voltage

A

< 50 ohm

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26
Q

output impedance for constant current

A

> 10k ohm

27
Q

advantages and disadvantages of constant voltage

A

adv - automatic reduction of current when electrode size is reduced due to dec contact w skin

dis - risk for intensity of elec burns if pressure bet tissue and electrode is inc due to dec in tissue impedance; hence bawal HMP while TENS

28
Q

advantages and disadvantages of constant current

A

adv - more consistent level of stimulation

dis - dec in electrode size due to inadequate contact will result in elec burns bcs it gets concentrated on part in contact w skin

29
Q

betw constant current and voltage which is responsible for bringing physiological changes

A

constant current bcs it is more constant kaya eto din mas ginagamit sa clinic

30
Q

anode vs cathode in terms of what it attracts

A

anode - anions
cathode - cations

31
Q

anode vs cathode in terms of what it repels

A

anode - cations
cathode - anions

32
Q

anode vs cathode in terms of what it forms

A

anode - acidic; fewer bubbles of o2
cathode - alkaline; many tiny bubbles of H

33
Q

anode vs cathode in terms of color

A

anode - red
cathode - black

34
Q

anode vs cathode in terms of effects on nerve

A

anode - dec nerve excitability d/t hyperpol

cathode - inc nerve excitability d/t depol

34
Q

anode vs cathode in terms of type of electrode

A

anode - indifferent electrode

cathode - active electrode

35
Q

anode vs cathode in terms of effect

A

anode - sedative
cathode - stimulative

36
Q

anode vs cathode in terms of effects on tissue

A

anode - hardening of tissue d/t solidification of proteins; sclerotic

cathode - softening of tissue d/t liquefaction of protein; sclerolytic

37
Q

what are the usual materials for electrodes

A

carbon impregnated silicon rubber

38
Q

what should be the qualities of electrode materials

A

capable of rex chemically
conductor
non-toxic
durable
flexible

39
Q

what are the coupling media

A

tap water
gel
karaya gum

39
Q

explain electrode coupling

A

electrodes should be coupled to tissue both mechanically and electrically to function properly

40
Q

what body structures have tissue impedance

A

adipose tissue
bone
skin

41
Q

what body structure has highest tissue impedance and why

A

skin - because of keratin and very little water present

42
Q

give techniques to dec skin impedance

A

hydration - moist cotton ball
tissue warming - IRR
use of high voltage - HVPGC
higher frequency - IFC
mild abrasion - not rrly done

43
Q

discuss the significance of current density

A

amount of current flow/unit area

so dapat lapat or if probe be cautious

44
Q

discuss longitudinal vs transverse orientations

A

long - for muscle contraction; so sa origin and insertion banda

transverse - for long muscles - medial and lat side of muscle belly

45
Q

orientation of electrodes for quads

A

diagonal longitudinal

46
Q

what should the distance be betw a stimulating and dispersive electrode

A

wag dikit

if motor point stim - same side dapat yung dispersive; R face : R traps

47
Q

what is monopolar technique

A

only the cathode is place over target area then the anode is place on other body part for dispersion

48
Q

uses of monopolar technique

A

motor point stim
dermal ulcers
wound healing
edema
iontophoresis

49
Q

what is bipolar technique

A

both electrodes are placed over target area

both electrodes are excitatory

50
Q

uses of bipolar technique

A

muscle disuse atrophy
neuromuscular facilitation
ROM limitation
protective muscle spasm
circulatory disorders
pain

51
Q

what are the contraindications

A

pacemakers
phrenic or bladder stimulators
carotid sinuses
thrombosis
over pregnant uterus
cancer

52
Q

safety considerations on patient care

A

always explain the procedure

use extreme caution of pt that cant communicate

do not use w/in 3m of diathermy

do not use 2 electrical devices simultaneously

53
Q

what are the safety considerations in electrotherapy

A

patient care
electric shock
machine appli

54
Q

compare microshock and macroshock

A

micro - < 1000 uA
macro - > 1000 uA

55
Q

physiologic effects of 1 mA

A

threshold for tingling sensation

56
Q

physiologic effects of 16 mA

A

cannot release grip on electrical conductor d/t muscle contraction

57
Q

physiologic effects of 50 mA

A

pain and possible fainting

58
Q

physiologic effects of 100 mA - 3 A

A

ventricular fibrillations

59
Q

physiologic effects of 6 A

A

sustained myocardial contraction

temporary respiratory paralysis

burns

60
Q

safety consideration w machine setup

A

never cheater plugs and close to pipes

use GFCI’s and electrodes designed for the machine

61
Q

safety consideration w machine operation

A

gradual inc of amplitude only when all parameters are set

in changing parameters lower the intensity first

turn knob to 0 before applying and when turning off

adjust amplitude during on time only

remove electrodes only when there is no more current

62
Q
A

pmod 2nd shift (12 decks)

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