ES for innervated muscles

Question 1

what does an innervated muscle mean

Answer 1

intact peripheral nerves, motor unit and NMJ

Question 2

manner of atrophy for an innervated muscle

Answer 2

DISUSE ATROPHY d/t post-op weakness, orthopedic conditions, CNS affectation

Question 3

define NMES

Answer 3

use of ES to produce muscle contractions in innervated muscles

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Question 4

define FES

Answer 4

type of NMES to enhance the control of movement and posture; integrated to functional activities

Question 5

FES is aka

Answer 5

orthotic substitution

Question 6

compare volitional and electrically induced in terms of cause of contraction

Answer 6

volitional - d/t command from upper motor neurons

electrically induced - d/t applied ES

Question 7

compare volitional and electrically induced in terms of recruitment of motor units

Answer 7

volitional - recruits smaller to larger motor units

electrically induced - recruits larger to smaller motor units

Question 8

compare volitional and electrically induced in terms of fiber activation

Answer 8

volitional - activates type 1 prior to 2

electrically induced - activates type 2 prior to 1

Question 9

compare volitional and electrically induced in terms of recruitment of muscles

Answer 9

volitional - asynchronous recruitment

electrically induced - synchronous recruitment

Question 10

compare volitional and electrically induced in terms of muscle fatigue

Answer 10

volitional - slow onset

electrically induced - rapid onset

Question 11

how does ES inc muscle strength

Answer 11

d/t

overload principle
specificity theory
inc muscle size
improved motor unit recruitment

Question 12

exp how overload principle inc muscle strength

Answer 12

inc current, inc frequency, inc pulse duration = increase externally-applied resistance

Question 13

when is overload principle effective

Answer 13

can only inc if 2/5 or 3/5; ES alone not enough for 4 and above

Question 14

exp how specificity theory inc muscle strength

Answer 14

since ES targets type 2 first na muscles for power or strength production

Question 15

exp how inc muscle size d/t ES inc muscle strength

Answer 15

inc muscle mass = more power but takes several weeks or longer esp if vv weak

Question 16

exp how improved motor unit recruitment d/t ES inc muscle strength

Answer 16

since recruit synchronously = more rapid contraction

Question 17

exp how ES can promote muscle re-education

Answer 17

improves motor control - ES to contract until cues na lang

stims brain plasticity - capable to teach brain to contract again

Question 18

exp how ES can prevent disuse atrophy

Answer 18

for rlly weak - provides externally induced contractions to prevent wasting

for adequate strength - biofeedback to promote contraction

Question 19

exp how ES reduces muscle spasm over agonist

Answer 19

contracts until mag fatigue = relaxation

Question 20

exp how ES reduces muscle spasm over antagonist

Answer 20

reciprocal inhibition of agonist

spastic biceps; so place on triceps para mag relax biceps

Question 21

exp how ES reduces muscle spasm over agonist and antagonist

Answer 21

2 circuits - sequential stim of agonist tas antagonist

so if spastic biceps; contract muan biceps tas triceps; mimics the normal motor activity s CNS dysfunction

Question 22

exp how ES reduces edema

Answer 22

muscle pumping effect

Question 23

exp application of FES during gait training

Answer 23

initial contact - over tibialis anterior

during push-off - over gastrocsoleus

Question 24

exp application of FES for idiopathic scoliosis

Answer 24

Over lateral flexors on convex side

Question 25

exp application of FES during gripping

Answer 25

over wrist extensors

Question 26

exp application of FES for shoulder sublaxation

Answer 26

Over supraspinatus and posterior deltoids

Question 27

common waveform for BPC

Answer 27

square, balanced, symmetrical, biphasic PC

some p assym biphasic PC

Question 28

common waveform for russian current

Answer 28

medium frequency AC c 2500 Hz in 50 bursts per second

Question 29

common waveform for IFC

Answer 29

alternating MFC slightly out of phase that are amplitude-modulated at low frequency

Question 30

frequency used for IFC

Answer 30

2 kHz since muscle contraction

Question 31

discuss electrode placements

Answer 31

active - over the motor point

dispersive - 2 in. away on same muscle following fiber orientation

Question 32

wider spacing of electrodes will cause _____

Answer 32

deeper stimulation

Question 33

what would warrant a monopolar approach

Answer 33

face and hypo/thenar eminence of hand

Question 34

exp how a pt would progress in NMES

Answer 34

contraction bcs of ES only - NMES and from patient - NMES as biofeedback only 100% contraction from pt

Question 35

compare synchronous and reciprocal mode

Answer 35

synch - on and off times are together

reciprocal - 1 is on the 1 is off