Intro to Electrophysical Agents Flashcards
function of electrophysical agents
pain relief influence proliferation and inflammatory process reduce swelling re-educate and strengthen muscle an adjunctive treatment
features of electrophysical agents
electrotherapy + physical agents
-treatment of patients by electrical means
Applying forces to the body
Brings about physiological change
example of electrophysical agents
shockwave Laser TENS Heat Cold NMES Ultrasound
purpose of shockwave and LASER therapy as an electrophysical agents
promote healing
LASER affects collagenous tissue
purpose of TENS as an electrophysical agents
Pain relief
stimulates nerves
purpose of NMES as an electrophysical agents
Strengthening
purpose of heat as an electrophysical agents
Pain relief, promote healing
purpose of cold as an electrophysical agents
Reduce Swelling, pain relief
how does electrotherapy affect electric cell activity
ions and molecules move across cell membrane against concentration and electrical gradient (active transport which requires ATP)
electrically active membrane potential of -70mV
Electrophysical agent adjust excitement level
tissue that affects electrophysical agents
muscle bones nerves tendons ligaments
3 phases in healing process
inflammation
proliferation
remodelling
describe duration, purpose and changes during inflammation phase of healing
acute - 24-48 hrs
sub acute- 10-14 days
purpose remove dead tissue and invading organisms or bodies
vascular and cellular changes occur during this phase
describe the vascular changes that occur during inflammation
platelet activation and coagulation occurs - form matrix
vasoconstriction occurs - minimise blood loss
release histamine and prostaglandin
increase blood vessel permeability - release fibrinogen(bind platelets together), globulin and albumin (blood clotting)
describe cellular changes during inflammation
neutrophils released - phagocytosis occurs
monocytes differentiate into macrophages
phagocyte and release collagenase and proteoglycan degrading enzymes
describe proliferation phase of healing
lasts 3-4 weeks
granulation tissue - fibroblasts(new skin cells), angiogenesis (new blood circulation)
describe remodelling phase of healing
cna take months
more fibrous less vascular
strength of wound increases from 15% or O.G tissue to 70-80%
Type III collagen replaced w/ type II
describe pain pathway
Pain/Temperature (lateral spinothalamic tract):
Peripheral nerve →
Spinal cord, synapses w/ 2nd order neuron and decussates to the contralateral side →
Contralateral side to the thalamus →
Third order neuron in the thalamus →
Postcentral gyrus (contralateral to the original sensation).
describe pain receptors
nociceptors 3 types mechanical chemical thermal polymodal
location of nociceptors
Found in the skin, muscle, joints, bone, and organs (other than the brain)
what chemicals do pain receptors release and what is its purpose?
Release of chemicals e.g. substance P,prostaglandins
Convert the initial stimuli into electrical activity – action potentials
central pathway of nociceptors
from site of pain to dorsal horn of spinal cord
synapse second order neuron
cross midline to ascend to spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts
list 3 endogenous opiates
enkephalins
beta endorphins
dynorphins
list 2 types of enkephalins and what receptor enkephalins bind to
Leu-enkephalin and Met-enkephalins
delta and mu opiate
how does endorphins inhibit pain stimuli and what receptors do they bind to
inhibit Ca2+ influx -> stop release of substance P and glutamate
bind to mu receptors
what receptors do dynorphins bind to
kappa receptors
list 3 different pain fibres involved in pain gate theory
A delta
A beta
C polymodal
describe A delta pain fibres and its purpose
myelinated pain afferents, react noxious stimuli related to pain or tissue damage (short period of time)
describe c polymodal fibres and its purpose
slow conducting, non-myelinated carry info about dull, throbbing pain (long period of time) Anti-pain*
describe a beta fibres and its purpose
myelinated mechanical (touch) sensitive afferents, activated by rubbing, massage, heat inhibit perception of pain
physiological effect of shockwave therapy
Tissue Temperature Increase Increased Blood Flow (Vasodilation) Increased Venous and Lymphatic Flow Increased Metabolism Changes In Physical Properties of Tissues Muscle Relaxation Analgesia
how does muscle and bone react to shockwave therapy
composed of ions and dipolar
Ions = accelerate along lines of electric field. The alternate direction at the same frequency of the oscillating electric field. The kinetic energy is converted into heat energy.
Dipolar = dipolar molecules rotate at the same frequency as the oscillating electric and generate some heat
why is fat tissue non responsive to shock wave therapy
Fat has a high non-polar molecule content – less responsive.
