Intro to CV anatomy Flashcards
What is major artery of upper limb?
Subclavian
What is major vein of head and neck?
Internal jugular vein
What is the surface anatomy of the apex of the heart?
5th intercostal space
What are the layers around the heart?
- Fibrous pericardium
- Parietal pericardium
- Visceral pericardium
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
What is the transverse sinus?
The space between the artery pericardium and the vein pericardium
What is cardiac tamponade?
Excess fluid in pericardial cavity
Presses on heart surface and compromises the ability of the heart to expand - reducing cardiac output.
What is the purpose of the cardiac skeleton?
It anchors the valves and the heart muscle, allowing the atria to contract downwards and the ventricles to contract upwards.
Where is the coronary sulcus of the heart?
Between the atria and the ventricles
What is the Crux of the heart?
Where the grooves come together on the posterior surface of the heart
What are the 3 layers of the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium (parietal) Serous pericardium (visceral)
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of any of the 3 layers of pericardium
What are the major arteries supplying the head and neck?
Common carotid arteries
(internal carotid - brain)
(external carotid - everything around it)
What is the major artery of the trunk?
Aorta
What is the major artery of the lower limb and pelvis?
Common iliac arteries
(internal iliac - pelvis and perineum)
(external iliac - lower limb)
What is the major vein of the upper limb?
Subclavian vein
What is the major vein of the trunk?
IVC
What are the major veins of the lower limbs and pelvis?
Common iliac veins
Where should the apex of the heart be located?
5th intercostal space at mid-clavicular line
Where are the vertices of the RHS of the heart located?
3rd costal cartilage
6th costal cartilage
Where is the LHS top vertex of the heart located?
2nd intercostal space
What is found between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium?
Fluid in the pericardial cavity to lubricate the movements of the heart
What can the visceral pericardium sense?
ONLY stretch
not pain
How is pain signalled in cardiac tamponade?
Pericardial membranes signal pain via the phrenic nerves (C3, C4 and C5) –> symptoms of sore shoulder
What is an important function of the cardiac skeleton?
Anchorage for the heart muscle
Where do the pulmonary veins enter the heart?
At the base
What is found under the visceral pericardium?
Layer of fat (epicardial fat)
What kind of X ray is used for the heart and why?
PA
heart enlarges less this way
How do you check the size of the heart on an X ray?
Work out the cardiothoracic ratio
= max horizontal cardiac diameter/max horizontal thoracic diameter
Should be less than 0.5
What types of scan can be used to image the heart?
X ray Echo fMRI Coronary angiograms Magnetic resonance angiograms
