Cardiac cycle

Question 1

What is the bump in the aortic pressure due to?

Answer 1

The aortic valve snapping shut

Question 2

How do you work out the stroke volume from the pressure-volume loop?

Answer 2

Maximum left ventricular volume minus minimum left ventricular volume

Question 3

How do you work out the ‘stroke work’ from a pressure volume loop?

Answer 3

Area within the graph

Question 4

What is the shape of the jugular venous pulse wave?

Answer 4

Biphasic and low pressure

Question 5

What is the shape of the arterial pressure pulse wave/

Answer 5

Monophasic and high pressure

Question 6

How can you roughly check jugular venous pressure clinically?

Answer 6

Put patient at 45 degree angle
JVP is height of collapse of internal jugular above sternal angle
More than 3cm is pathological

Question 7

What happens to the jugular venous pressure wave in tricuspid stenosis?

Answer 7

Atrial wave enhanced

Ventricular wave diminished

Question 8

What happens to the jugular venous pressure wave in tricuspid regurgitation?

Answer 8

Atrial wave diminished

Ventricular wave enhanced

Question 9

What differs about the pulse wave in different vessels?

Answer 9

Its shape and size

Question 10

What do the 2 primary heart sounds (Lub dup) represent?

Answer 10

S1 = closure of AV valves
S2 = closure of semilunar valves

Question 11

Which 2 things can cause a heart murmur?

Answer 11

1. Valve stenosis

2. Valve regurgitation