Intro. to Cognitive Perceptual Impairment Flashcards
Define ‘Cognition’
How we use our brains to do things
Conscious & unconscious processes
Define ‘Sensory’
Information received from the outside world or body sent to the brain
Define ‘Perception’
The process of recognizing, organizing & interpreting information
- Impacted by sensory
- Shapes our thoughts & behaviours
Brain info. In regards to cognitive, sensory, & perceptual function?
97% body’s neural tissue (approx. 3 lbs)
2 Cerebral Hemispheres (left & right), divided into Lobes
Cerebral Cortex (folded outer surface of brain):
- Sunken parts = Suki
- Raised parts = Gyri
‘Corpus Collosum’ job?
Allows communication to both sides of central hemispheres by switching cerebral hemisphere body control to opposite side of body
Thalamus?
Gatekeeper
Relays motor and sensory signals as they travel to the brain’s cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus?
Maintains homeostasis
Regulates autonomic nervous system:
controls body temperature, hunger, sleep, blood pressure
Grey matter vs White matter
Grey = Nuclei (cells)
White = Myelinated nerve fibers (axons)
Frontal lobe?
Voluntary movement, Behaviour(personality), Self control, Decision making, Problem solving, Planning
Occipital lobe?
Vision
Parietal lobe?
Sensory,
Memory,
Recognition
Temporal lobe?
Emotion,
Hearing,
Music
Cerebellum?
Balance, Movement, Posture
Traumatic Brain Injury impact on brain function?
Confusion Poor memory & concentration Sensory loss/reduction Blurred vision Speech difficulties
Stroke?
Loss of balance & coordination
Trouble speaking & understanding
Paralysis/numbness face, arm, leg
Vision problems, one or both eyes
Dementia?
Suspiciousness
Irritability
Depression/anxiety
Difficulty finding/remembering where things are
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
Decreased attention span Poor judgement Memory loss Depression/sadness Dizziness/balance problems Hearing loss
Parkinson’s disease?
Tremors Impaired posture/balance Speech & writing changes Slow movement (bradykinesia) Loss of autonomic movements
Huntington’s Disease?
Difficulty organizing/focusing on tasks Lack of impulse control Difficulty learning new information Slow to process thoughts & words Lack of awareness of one's own behaviors & abilities
Congenital (heart disease)?
Dizziness/fainting
Shortness of breath
Tiring quickly
Bluish tint to skin
Alcohol/drug abuse?
Blackouts Loss of interest in activities Irritable Numbness & pain (hands & feet) Dementia Short-term memory loss
Depression?
More sensitive to pain Sadness Angry outbursts Anxiety Impaired/slowed thinking Tiredness Sleep & appetite disturbances
‘Top Down Approach’?
Usually the starting point
OCCUPATIONAL
Identifying past roles & activities via direct observation
Why task cannot be completed determined and connected to performance components
‘Bottom Up Approach’?
STANDARDIZED ASSESSMENTS:
Identifying SPECIFIC cognitive-perceptual impairments
Detailed information about the presence and impact of various impairments (deficits)
Why assessments?
Gives you a baseline or the ‘norm’
Helps develop a treatment plan (tells you what to work on & fix)
Standardized, specific, & measurable
Why Pen-Paper (Table Top) assessments?
They give us a clue on what we might see later, but doesn’t carry over to real life
We pick ADL’s that target that same skill (Activity Analysis)
Advantages of ‘Table Top’ assessments?
Easy, cheap, & can do anywhere
Give us a clue on what’s happening
Disadvantages of ‘Table Top’ assessments?
Doesn’t tell you if they can do in a real life setting
Isolates one function
Advantages of ‘Performance Based’ assessments?
Real World experience that takes into account context
Environment is set up to optimize performance
Disadvantages of ‘Performance Based’ assessments?
Takes a lot of experience & practice
“Ecologic Validity’?
The degree in which the cognitive demands of the test match the cognitive demands in the client’s every day environment
‘Remedial Approach”?
Restorative - need the ability to learn
Focused on decreasing the severity of the impairment
Typically uses deficit specific cognitive & perceptual training activities
eg.) Table Top
‘Compensatory Approach’?
Focused on decreasing activity limitations & participation restrictions by compensating
Typically uses functional activities the client wants or needs to do in their own environment
Bottom-up vs Top-down?
Bottom-up treats cognitive perceptual problems
Top-down engages in occupations
How can we grade down?
- More steps
- Eliminate distractions
- Verbal/visual cues
- Backward chaining
- Reduce the number of skills
- Be in the environment to trigger memory
Skill Transference?
Apply same skill to a similar task
Skill Generalization?
Apply same skill in different environments
- Little/no Generalization = same environment
- Improved Generalization = changing environment
‘Adaptive Approach’?
Adapting the task or environment to enhance how client performs (compensatory)
Context is very important!!
They need to know their deficits & why they failed
Need incite (frontal lobe) to know what are & are not capable (remembering why can’t leave pot on stove)
How to make ‘Compensatory Treatment’ work?
- Routine
- External (we do) = visual/verbal cues
- Internal cues (client does on own)
- Equipment same place every time
Role of OTA?
To deliver cognitive perceptual treatment in the right setting, at the right grade
Top-down approach using meaningful activities (enabling)
Brain Stem?
Breathing, Heart rate, Eating, Swallowing
