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school 2018 > Intro to Clinical Anatomy > Flashcards

Intro to Clinical Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Epiphyseal Plates

A

You stop growing when it is sealed

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2
Q

Joints

A

is an articulation, or the plane of union or junction between two or more rigid components (bones, cartilage)

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3
Q

Syndesmosis

A

unites bones with sheet of fibrous tissue either a ligament of fibrous membrane

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4
Q

Gomphosis

A

type of fibrous joint in which a peg-like fibrous process stabilizes a tooth. Also provides proprioceptive info (how hard we chew, or clench teeth)

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5
Q

Synovial Joints

A

potential space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid (most common type of joint)

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6
Q

Atlanto-axial Joint

A

type of synovial joint. Pivot joint; rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket, allowing rotation

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7
Q

Atlas

A

right under our skull (C1)

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8
Q

Axis

A

C2

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9
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

A

type of synovial joint. Plane joints; allows gliding or sliding movements

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10
Q

Hip joint

A

Synovial joint. Ball and socket joint; (multiaxial) rounded head fits into a concavity, allowing movement on several axis)

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11
Q

Elbow Joint

A

Synovial. Hinge joint; allows flexion and extension only

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12
Q

Carpometacarpal Joint

A

Synovial. Saddle; biaxial, saddle-shaped and allows movement in 2 different planes

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13
Q

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

A

Synovial. Condyloid; biaxial, allows flextion and extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction

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14
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

moves bones and other structures (the eyes)

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15
Q

Cardiac Striated Muscles

A

forms most of the walls of the heart and adjacent parts of the great vessels

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16
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

forms part of the walls of most vessels and hollow organs. Moves substances through viscera such as intestine, and controls movement through blood vessels

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17
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Static Support, provide heat, allow movement

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18
Q

Pennate Muscles

A

feather-like in the arrangement of their fascicles

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19
Q

Fusiform Muscles

A

spindle shaped

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20
Q

Parallel Muscles

A

fascicles lie parallel to long axis of muscle

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21
Q

Convergent Muscles

A

have a broad attachment from which the fascicles coverage to a single tendon

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22
Q

Circular Muscles

A

surround a body opening or orifice, constricting it when contracted

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23
Q

Digastric Muscles

A

features two bellies in series, sharing a common intermediate tendon

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24
Q

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

A

Shorten to 70% of resting length

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25
Q

Muscle Power

A

increases as the total number of muscle cells increases

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26
Q

Reflexive Contraction

A

automatic and voluntary controlled

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27
Q

Tonic Contraction

A

slight contraction (muscle tone) that does not produce movement or active resistance but gives muscle firmness

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28
Q

Phasic Contraction

A

Isometric - muscle length remains the same - no movement occurs but muscle tension is increased
Isotonic - muscle changes length to produce movement

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29
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

Concentric - movement occurs due to muscle shortening

Eccentric - progressive relaxation of a contracted muscle

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30
Q

Motor Unit

A

consists of a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers innervated by it

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31
Q

Muscle Fiber

A

structural unit of a muscle

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32
Q

Endoymysium

A

connective tissue covering individual muscle fibers

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33
Q

Perimysium

A

covers a group of fibers

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34
Q

Epimysium

A

entire muscle is covered

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35
Q

Prime Mover (agonist)

A

main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body

36
Q

Fixators

A

steady the proximal parts of a limb while movements are occurring in distal parts

37
Q

Synergist

A

complements the action of prime movers

38
Q

Antagonist

A

muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover

39
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Made up of brain and spinal cord

40
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

nerve fibers and cell bodies

41
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

voluntary nervous system, which carries sensation

42
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

involuntary/visceral nervous system - supplies smooth muscle, viscera, and body cavities

43
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

sympathetic - catabolic (prep body for fight or flight)

paraympathetic - anabolic (normal function & conserve energy)

44
Q

Grey Matter

A

nerve cell bodies

45
Q

White matter

A

interconnecting fiber tract systems

46
Q

Spinal Cord 3 membranous layers

A

Deep to Superficial: pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater, collectively known as meninges

47
Q

Meninges and CSF

A

protect CNS

48
Q

CSF

A

located between the pia and arachnoid mater

49
Q

Thoracic wall consists of…

A

skin, fascia, nerves, vessels, muscles, cartilages, and bones

50
Q

Ribs

A

curved, flat bones. Each contains bone marrow (forms blood cells)

51
Q

3 types of Ribs

A
  1. True (vertebrosternal) ribs (1st to 7th ribs): attach directly to the sternum anteriorly through their own costal cartilage
  2. False (vertebrochondral) ribs (8-10) have cartilage on anterior ends that are joined to the cartilage of the rib just superior to them
  3. Floating (free) ribs (11th and 12th ribs) do not connect with the sternum, instead end in the posterior abdominal musculature
52
Q

Typical ribs (3rd - 9th)

A

head: wedge-shaped and 2 facets separated by crest of head
Neck: connects the head with the body (shaft) at the level of the tubercle
Tubercle: has a smooth articular part for articulating with corresponding transverse process of vertebra
Body (shaft): is thin, flat and curved along its length, inferior edge is costal groove; protects intercostal nerve and vessels

53
Q

Atypical Ribs (1st, 2nd, and 10-12)

A

1st rib is broad: 1 facet on head shortest and most sharply curved, has scalene tubercle
2nd rib: thinner and more typical, except for the formations for attachment of serratus anterior and posterior scalene muscles (also double length of 1st rib)
10-12 ribs: only 1 facet on head
11-12 ribs: short have no necks or tubercles

54
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

typical vertebrae; independent and have bodies, vertebral arches, and seven processes for muscular and articular connections

55
Q

Demifacets

A

Bilateral superior and inferior costal facets (demifacets)

56
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae characteristics

A
  • costal facets on their transverse processes for articulation with the tubercles of ribs
  • long inferiorly slanting spinous processes that overlap the IV disc and vertebra below
57
Q

Sternum

A

is flat, vertically elongated bone that forms the middle of the anterior part of the thoracic cage

58
Q

Manubrium

A

superior part of sternum - roughly trapezoidal bone that lies at the level of the bodies of T3 and T4 vertebrae

59
Q

Jugular Notch

A

thick superior border or manubrium

60
Q

Clavicular Notch

A

on each side of manubrium - articulates with sternal end of clavicle

61
Q

External Intercostal
Internal Intercostal
Innermost intercostal

A

SA: Inferior border of ribs
IA: Superior border of ribs below
Nerve: intercostal nerve
Action: elevate ribs

62
Q

Transversus Thoracis

A

SA: Posterior surface of lower sternum
IA: internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6
Nerve: Intercostal nerve
Action: depress ribs

63
Q

Subcostal

A

SA: internal surface of lower ribs near their angles
IA: superior borders of 2nd or 3rd ribs

64
Q

Levatores Costarum

A

SA: Transverse Processes of T7-T11
IA: subjacent ribs between tubercle and angle
nerve: post rami of C8-T11
Action: elevates ribs

65
Q

Serratus posterior superior

A

Sa: nuchal ligament
IA: superior borders of 2nd-4th ribs
Nerves: 2nd-5th intercostal nerves
Actions: elevate ribs

66
Q

Serratus posterior inferior

A

SA: inferior borders of 8th-12th ribs
IA: spinous processes of T11-L2 vertebrae
nerve: intercostal, subcostal
Action: depress ribs

67
Q

Mediastinum

A

central compartment of thoracic cavity

diaphragm posterior mediastinum

68
Q

Tendinous Intersections

69
Q

External Oblique

A

superficial muscle

70
Q

Internal Oblique

A

the intermediate muscle

71
Q

Transverse Abdominis

A

Innermost muscle; fibers run horizontally

72
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

long, borad, strap-like muscle that is mostly enclosed in the rectus sheath

73
Q

Pyramidalis

A

small triangular muscle that lies in the rectus sheath

74
Q

Diaphragm

A

dome-shaped, separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities

75
Q

Sternal Part of Diaphragm

A

consists of 2 muscular slips that attach to the posterior aspect of the xiphoid process of the sternum

76
Q

Costal Part of Diaphragm

A

consts of wide muscular slips that attach to the internal surfaces of the inferior six costal cartilages and their adjoining ribs on each side

77
Q

Lumbar part of Diaphragm

A

arising from 2 aponeurotic arches

78
Q

Posterior Abdominal Wall composed of

A
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae and IV discs
  • post. ab wall muscles: psoas, quadratus lumborum, iliacus, transvers abdominis, and internal and external oblique muscles
  • lumbar plexus
  • fascia
  • diaphragm
  • fat, nerves, vessels
79
Q

Psoas Major

A

SA: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
IA: strong tendon to lesser trochanter of femur
Nerve: lumbar plexus
Action: flexes thigh

80
Q

Iliacus

A

SA: superior 2/3 of iliac fossa, ala of sacrum
IA: lesser trochanter of femur
nerve: femoral nerve
Action: flexes thigh and stabilize hip joint

81
Q

Quadratus Lumborum

A

SA: Medial half of inferior border of 12th rib
IA: Iliolumbar ligament and internal lip of iliac crest
Nerve: anterior branches of T12 and L1-L4 nerves
Action: extends and laterally flexes vertebral column

82
Q

Obturator Nerve (L2-L4):

A

emerges from the medial border of the psoas major and passes through the pelvis to the medial thigh, supplies adductor muscles

83
Q

Femoral Nerve (L2-L4):

A

emerges from lateral border of psoas major and innervates iliacus, supply the flexors of the hip and extensors of knee

84
Q

Lumbosacral Trunk (L4-L5):

A

passes over the ala (wing) of sacrum and descends into pelvis to participate formation of sacral plexus

85
Q

Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater - list superficial to deep

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

school 2018 (9 decks)

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