Growth and Motor Flashcards
Components of Development:
- The Social
- The Motor
- The Sensory
- The Cognitive and Emotional
Characteristics of Development:
- It is a continuous process of change in functional capacity
- There is an order in which change occurs
Motor Control is
The study of neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement
Universality
- Follows a predictable pattern and timeline
Involves observations of a group or individual over an extensive period of time on numerous occasions
Longitudinal
A study that involves observing various groups at one point in time
Cross-sectional
A study that involves observing different groups over a short period of time
Mixed-Longitudinal
Why do we conduct research?
- Provide and develop mental appropriate activities
- Provide enough challenge to encourage change
- Help build foundation for later skill development
Maturation Perspective
- Environment is largely influential to development
- Basic motor skills will automatically develop
“An individual constraint or system that holds back or slows the emergence of a motor skill”
Rate Limiter
“An object that when seen by an individual allows them to directly perceive the function that the object allows based on individual size”
Affordance
Body Scaling example for young children
Smaller Basketball and shorter nets
a) Having to dribble in order to move in basketball
b) Having to wear football gear, which limits movement
Task Constraint
“An object’s resistance to motion and is related to the mass of the object”
Inertia
What should be developed first, stability or mobility in infants?
Stability
Typical Motor Development
- Follows a predictable pattern
- Includes variation which increases as time goes on
- Follows a predictable timeline
Correct Ways for Development to occur
- Proximal to Distal
- Stability to Mobility
- Gross to Fine Movements
“Involuntary Movement response to a specific stimulus that occurs only during infancy”
Infantile Reflexes
Reflexes
- Facilitates survival
- Building block for future movements
- Lead to sensory consequences or feedback from their own body
a) Rooting - searches for food when poked in the cheek
b) Grasping - when object is placed in hand
These are examples of:
Primitive Reflex for infants
Postural reactions/reflexes
- Develop with movement experience and are relatively permanent
- Are automatic
- Required for more complex movements like learning to walk
Most infantile reflexes stop occurring at:
Birth to 4-5 months
Infants reach sitting stage 1 at
4 months
Motor milestone during the 5th month of infancy in the supine position:
Can bring feet behind head
At ___ months, Head Lag disappear when the child is pulled up to sit at
5 months
Motor milestone during 6th month of infancy in the prone position:
- Extends arms to reach for toys
- Swimming movements (superman’s) to strengthen back muscles
- Beginning equilibrium reactions by shifting their weight
Motor milestone during 7th month of infancy in sitting position
- Can freely play while sitting
- Can sit up on their own
- Can rotate trunk
- Can recover balance to a degree when tipping over
Motor milestone during 5th month of infancy in sitting position:
Attempts to sit without hands through scapular adduction
Stage 2 sitting, improved trunk control
6 months
Motor skill developed during 7th month infancy
Quadruped: on all 4’s
Stage 3 sitting, equilibrium reactions are present and stable
8 months
- To compensate for still developing abdominal’s
- Allow the infant to learn the limits of their stability before they fall
- Abducted lower extremities to increase stability
Quadruped Position
8th month of infancy motor skills
- Cruising
- Kneeling
9th month of infancy in sitting position
- Sitting should be a functional position, easy access to environment
- Assists in the development of cognitive motor skills
- Assists in the development of fine motor skills
Motor milestone @ 12th month of infancy
Onset of walking
Predictable change in individual constraints:
- Maturation of CNS
- Muscular strength and endurance
- Posture and balance
- Sensory processing
Skilled movers can move in _____.
- More than 1 way
- More than 1 place
- More primitive movements (revert) when working on other skills
Locomotion
- Defined by the at of moving from place to place
- is a complex activity that involves many interacting systems and constraints
Children can walk sideways and backwards at:
15-18 months
Children develop advanced walking patterns at:
2-3 years old
Children’s walking pattern can be noticeably improved until:
5 years old
Older adults reduce the amount they walk because:
Fear of falling
Development of movement abilities
Motor Development
Relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability which is associated with practice or experience
Motor Learning
Quantitative increase in size/magnitude
Physical Growth
Progress toward physical maturity, state of optimal functional integration of an individual’s body systems and ability to reproduce
Maturation
Progress of growing older regardless of chronological age
Aging
things organically happen so we can’t break them down
Organismic
Understand the world by breaking it into parts and seeing it like a machine
Mechanistic
Genetics and heredity are primarily responsible for motor development and the environment has little effect
Maturationist Perspective
Maturationist equals
organismic
Ecological equals
Contextual
Labyrinthine righting
when infant tilts torso to the side of the head and remains upright
Pull-Up
Hold baby’s hands and pull them up, they will flex arms as if they were pulling themselves up
Parachute
sticks arm out to catch themselves when they are falling out of sitting position
Head Erect
@ 6 weeks
Sit
@ 6-7 months
Stand
@ 6-12 months
Walking
@ 10-15 months or 9-18 months
Creeping
moving on hands and knees
Crawling
moving on hands and stomach
Walking
50% phasing relationship between the legs as well as a period of double support followed by a period of single support
