Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm I > Intro to chemotherapy > Flashcards

Intro to chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

why is chemotherapy unique?

A
  1. selective toxicity
  2. selects for resistant strains
  3. hypersensitivity and organ directed
  4. lowers the microorganism load for the host defense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the problem with hypersensitivity and organ directed class of drugs?

A

toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what to do to prevent the development of resistance when taking abx?

A

reach and maintain ADEQUATE BLOOD LEVELS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is maintenance of constant blood levels more important in bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

BACTERIOSTATIC than bactericidal agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are mechanisms for drug resistant strains leading ineffectiveness?

A
  1. fails to absorb drug
  2. inactivate drug
  3. pump out drug
  4. target is modified
  5. increased production of target
  6. altered metabolic pathway bypass target
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is antimicrobial resistance acquired?

A

vertical

horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is vertical transfer?

A

to daughter cells by a mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is horizontal transfer?

A

from a donor cell of another bacterial species:

  1. transduction
  2. transformation
  3. conjugation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does transduction occur?

A

via bacteriophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does transformation occur?

A

via incorporation of free DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does conjugation occur?

A

transfer of genes thru sex pilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the status of Penicillin resistant strains of pnemococci?

A

> 50% in Europe and rising in US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

there is a worldwide emergence of Haemophilus and gonococci that are different. how diff?

A

produce b-lactamase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where is MRSA?

A

hospitals —NOT community-acquired infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

new strains of what bacteria are resistant to all known drugs?

A

enterococci, pseudomonas, enterobacters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

epidemics of multiple drug resistant strains of what bacteria in US?

A

M. tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are adverse effects of antimicrobial therapy?

A
  1. over extension of pharmacologic action
  2. organ directed toxicity
  3. hypersensitivity rxn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are types of toxicity to host?

A 
hepatotoxicity
renal
ototoxicity
hemopoietic 
visual
allergies
idiosyncrasies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is empirical antimicrobial therapy?

A

antimicrobial agents used BEFORE the pathogen is identified. Choices depends on host factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are 2 antibiotic susceptibility?

A

bactericidal or bacteriostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is bacteriCIDAL?

A

cell death —think suiCIDAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is bacterioSTATIC?

A

growth inhibition—think static, NOT DYNAMIC

23
Q

what is the difference in inhibitory concentration in bactericidal vs. bacteriostatic?

A

inhibitory concentrations are much lower that bactericidal

24
Q

what is chloramphenicol?

A

bacteriCIDAL against Pneumococci, Meningococci, Haemophilus flu.

25
Q

what is MIC?

A

minimum Inhibitory conc.

26
Q

what is MBC?

A

minimum Bactericidal conc.

27
Q

what are 2 types of bactericidal agents ?

A

concentration (drug concentration)
vs.
time (time of exposure)
dependent killing

28
Q

what does concentration DK mean?

A

the more given the more killing

29
Q

what does time DK mean?

A

the more you wait the more killing (time of exposure)

30
Q

what does time DK mean?

A

killing not increased if you give more

31
Q

what is PAE?

A

persistent suppression of bacterial growth after limited exposure to an antimicrobial agent

32
Q

why is in vivo PAE LONGER than in vitro PAE ?

A

postantibiotic leukocyte enhancement

33
Q

what is synergism?

A

inhibitory/killing effects of two or more antimicrobials used together are SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER (2+2=7)

34
Q

what are synergism mechanisms?

A
  1. blockage of metabolic steps
  2. inhibition of enzymatic inactivation
  3. enhancement of uptake
35
Q

how does TMP-SMX synergism work?

A

blockade of metabolic steps

36
Q

how does beta-latamase inhibitors synergism work?

A

inhibition of enzymatic inactivation

37
Q

how does penicilins synergism work?

A

increase uptake of aminoglycosides

38
Q

how does amphotericin B synergism work?

A

increase uptake of flucytosine by fungi

39
Q

for what infections therapeutic effect is improved when using pencilin + aminoglycoside?

A

enterococcal endocarditis & pseudomonas infections

40
Q

for what infections therapeutic effect is improved when using doxycycline + rifampin/aminoglycoside?

A

brucellosis

41
Q

for what infections therapeutic effect is improved when using bismuth+metronidazole+tetracycline?

A

H. pylori

42
Q

for what infections therapeutic effect is improved when using ampicillin + aminoglycoside?

A

listeria

43
Q

preventing resistance for what bacteria when using INH + rifampin ?

A

M. tuberculosis

44
Q

preventing resistance for what bacteria when using gentamicing + carbenicillin?

A

p. aeruginosa

45
Q

what are two major mechanism of antagonism?

A
  1. inhibition of bactericidal by bacteriostatic agents

2. induction of enzymatic inactivation

46
Q

what are misuse of antibacterial agents leading to failure?

A
  1. untreatable infections
  2. fever of undetermined origin
  3. improper dosage
  4. improper duration
47
Q

heard of superinfections?

A

YES! they are new infections that develop during chemotherapy of a PRIMARY ONE and most frequently observed with BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS use

48
Q

what is most common superinfection?

A

intestinal candidiasis

49
Q

what to do with intestinal candidiasis?

A

DON’T panic! it is fungal, continue abx, add oral nystatin or amphotericin B

50
Q

What to do with staph. enterocolitis?

A

Stay calm…it is LIFE-THREATENING though , discontinue abx, treat with oral vancomycin

51
Q

what do you pseudomembranous colitis?

A

it is also LIFE-THREATENING, keep calm and discontinue abx, treat with oral metronidazole or vancomycin, if SEVERE add fluids, electrolytes, conticosteroids

52
Q

what is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis?

A

c. difficile (difficult to grow)

53
Q

antibacterial prophylaxis?

A

umm…if efficacy proven & benefits outweigh risk

Pharm I (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions