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Physiology > Intro to cells and the body > Flashcards

Intro to cells and the body Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body is called ________ anatomy.

  • regional
  • surgical
  • radiographic
  • pathological
  • surface
A
  • regional
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2
Q

The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism is called ________ anatomy.

  • systemic
  • surgical
  • regional
  • surface
  • gross
A
  • surface
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3
Q

Functions of the glycocalyx include..

  • identifying the cell for the immune system.
  • binding extracellular compounds.
  • lubricating and protecting the cell membrane.
  • all of the above
  • B and C only
A
  • all of the above
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4
Q

Most of a cell’s DNA is located in its..

  • Golgi apparatus.
  • nucleus.
  • lysosomes.
  • ribosomes.
  • nucleolus.
A
  • nucleus.
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5
Q

The smallest living unit within the human body is..

  • a tissue.
  • a protein.
  • the cell.
  • an organ system.
  • an organ.
A
  • the cell.
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6
Q

The plasma membrane is composed of..

  • carbohydrate molecules.
  • carbohydrates and proteins.
  • a bilayer of phospholipids.
  • a bilayer of proteins.
  • carbohydrates and lipids.
A
  • a bilayer of phospholipids.
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7
Q

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (“baking soda”) to settle an upset stomach risks..

  • respiratory acidosis.
  • metabolic acidosis.
  • respiratory alkalosis.
  • metabolic alkalosis.
A
  • metabolic alkalosis.
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8
Q

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the..

  • kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions.
  • kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.
  • kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
  • A and B only
  • A and C only
A
  • A and C only
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9
Q

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

  • acid.
  • buffer.
  • alkali.
  • electrolyte.
  • compensation.
A
  • buffer.
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10
Q

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to..

  • buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
  • buffer stomach acid.
  • limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
  • buffer the urine.
  • increase ventilation.
A
  • limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
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11
Q

Hypoventilation leads to..

  • metabolic alkalosis.
  • respiratory alkalosis.
  • metabolic acidosis.
  • respiratory acidosis.
A
  • respiratory acidosis.
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12
Q

The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is..

  • protein.
  • sucrose.
  • vitamins.
  • glucose.
  • caffeine.
A
  • glucose.
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13
Q

A nucleotide consists of..

  • a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
  • a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
  • a five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base.
  • a five-carbon sugar and an amino acid.
  • a five-carbon sugar and phosphate group.
A
  • a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
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14
Q

If the concentration of sodium chloride in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases and the concentration of other solutes remains constant,

  • the fluid outside of the cells will become isotonic.
  • the cells will not change.
  • the cells will swell.
  • the fluid outside of the cells will become hypertonic.
  • the cells will shrink.
A
  • the cells will swell.
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15
Q

The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the..

  • interstitial fluid.
  • plasma and lymph.
  • cerebrospinal fluid.
  • all of the above
  • A and B only
A
  • all of the above
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16
Q

When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of..

  • fever.
  • positive feedback.
  • negative feedback.
  • diagnostic regulation.
  • nonhomeostatic regulation.
A
  • negative feedback.
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17
Q

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during “rest and digest.”

  • parasympathetic
  • visceral
  • thoracolumbar
  • somatomotor
  • sympathetic
A
  • parasympathetic
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18
Q

When blood glucose levels fall,

  • glucagon is released.
  • protein synthesis increases.
  • peripheral cells take up more glucose.
  • insulin is released.
  • both B and D
A
  • glucagon is released.
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19
Q

The study of the first two months of development is termed..

  • organology.
  • cytology.
  • pathology.
  • embryology.
  • histology.
A
  • embryology.
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20
Q

When activated, lysosomes function in..

  • synthesis of proteins.
  • digestion of foreign material.
  • cell division.
  • synthesis of lipids.
  • formation of new cell membranes.
A
  • digestion of foreign material.
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21
Q

Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division?

  • basal bodies
  • thick filaments
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments
  • microfilaments
A
  • microtubules
22
Q

Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the..

  • Golgi apparatus.
  • mitochondria.
  • ribosomes.
  • rough ER.
  • smooth ER.
A
  • smooth ER.
23
Q

Components of the cytoskeleton may include all of the following, except..

  • kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions.
  • kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.
  • kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
  • A and B only
  • A and C only
A
  • A and C only
24
Q

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

  • consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
  • consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema
  • consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
  • consequence of prolonged vomiting
A
  • consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema
25
Q

Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that..

  • cells with large numbers of mitochondria are short-lived.
  • cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.
  • cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a low energy demand.
  • some cells are older than others.
  • cells with small numbers of mitochondria have a large ATP supply.
A
  • cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.
26
Q

In dehydration reactions, compounds..

  • gain water molecules.
  • convert water molecules to hydrogen and oxygen.
  • lose water molecules.
  • gain electrons.
  • convert hydrogen and oxygen to water.
A
  • lose water molecules.
27
Q

A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called..

  • hypotonic.
  • merotonic.
  • homotonic.
  • hypertonic.
  • isotonic.
A
  • hypotonic.
28
Q

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

  • osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
  • the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
  • there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
  • both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
  • both B and D
A
  • osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
29
Q

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?

  • gagging on food that does not appeal to you
  • increased heart rate when you see a person you fear
  • increased salivation when you smell food that appeals to you
  • a violent coughing attack in response to an irritant
  • dilation of the pupils when you enter a dark room
A
  • increased heart rate when you see a person you fear
30
Q

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except..

  • decreased heart rate.
  • reduced circulation to the skin.
  • increased blood flow to skeletal muscles.
  • increased sweat secretion.
  • dilation of the pupils.
A
  • decreased heart rate.
31
Q 
Organise the following from the most COMPLEX to the SIMPLEST?
tissue
molecular
organism 
organ
cellular
system
A 
organism
system
organ
tissue
cellular
molecular
32
Q

Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle, except..

  • cilia.
  • centrioles.
  • lysosomes.
  • ribosomes.
  • cytoskeleton
A
  • lysosomes.
33
Q

Tubulin is to microtubules as actin is to..

  • microvilli.
  • microfilaments.
  • intermediate filaments.
  • flagella.
  • ribosomes.
A
  • microfilaments.
34
Q

The smallest living unit within the human body is..

  • a tissue.
  • a protein.
  • the cell.
  • an organ system.
  • an organ.
35
Q

Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division?

  • basal bodies
  • thick filaments
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments
  • microfilaments
A
  • microtubules
36
Q

Prolonged vomiting can result in..

  • metabolic alkalosis.
  • respiratory acidosis.
  • metabolic acidosis.
  • respiratory alkalosis.
A
  • metabolic alkalosis.
37
Q

Microscopic analysis of a tissue sample indicates that it contains abundant myosin and actin filaments. This tissue is probably formed from..

  • reproductive cells.
  • liver cells.
  • muscle cells.
  • bone cells.
  • nerve cells.
A
  • muscle cells.
38
Q

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and..

  • lipids.
  • nucleic acids.
  • fatty acids.
  • carbohydrates.
  • none of the above
A
  • carbohydrates.
39
Q

The skin swells and puckers during a long bath. This suggests that bath water is a(n) ________ fluid.

  • hypertonic
  • toxic
  • hypotonic
  • isotonic
  • diffusion
40
Q

If a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system.

  • polarized
  • negative
  • deficit
  • positive
  • neutral
41
Q

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in..

  • an increase in vessel diameter.
  • a decrease in vessel diameter.
  • oscillation in vessel diameter.
  • an increase in blood flow through the vessel.
  • both A and D
A
  • both A and D
42
Q

The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called..

  • osmosis.
  • endocytosis.
  • active transport.
  • facilitated diffusion.
  • exocytosis.
A
  • facilitated diffusion.
43
Q

Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, except..

  • storage and release of calcium ions.
  • detoxification of drugs.
  • synthesis of steroid hormones.
  • synthesis of triglycerides.
  • modification of protein.
A
  • modification of protein.
44
Q

Lipids…

  • cushion organs against shocks.
  • help to maintain body temperature.
  • provide roughly twice the energy as carbohydrates.
  • form essential structural components of cells.
  • all of the above
A
  • all of the above
45
Q

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are…

  • sodium, potassium, and calcium.
  • sodium, hydrogen, and chloride.
  • sodium, potassium, and phosphate.
  • sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
  • sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.
A
  • sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
46
Q

The principal cations in our body fluids are ________ and ________.

  • sodium; chloride
  • calcium; magnesium
  • chloride; bicarbonate
  • sodium; potassium
  • sodium; calcium
A
  • sodium; potassium
47
Q

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce..

  • insulin.
  • glucagon.
  • peptide P.
  • somatostatin.
  • cortisol.
48
Q

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?

  • produces an effect that involves several organs or tissues at the same time
  • produces a more rapid response than the nervous system
  • releases chemical messengers called hormones
  • produces effects that last for days or longer
  • important homeostatic system
A
  • produces a more rapid response than the nervous system
49
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)?

  • exertion
  • stress
  • trauma
  • digestion
  • all of the above
50
Q

Anatomical features that change during illness are studied in ________ anatomy.

  • regional
  • gross
  • microscopic
  • pathological
  • surface
A
  • pathological

Physiology (6 decks)

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